Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• different purification mechanism is possible since organic ligands could be removed from adsorbed precursor molecules by the electron-activated water species and cause a favourable decomposition of the adsorbed material (Figure 1, pathway B). Radiolysis of water can generate acid species, such as H3O+, that

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• involved in the activity modelled or that have a structural origin related to the activity mechanism. A very common property included in several models [23][44][60][68][76] is the zeta potential (a measurement of the charge at the surface of the NMs). The zeta potential value used as a descriptor can be

Investigation on drag reduction on rotating blade surfaces with microtextures

• Qinsong Zhu,
• Chen Zhang,
• Fuhang Yu and
• Yan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 833–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.70

• results. Second, the placement position and geometrical parameters (height, width, and spacing) of microtextures with lower energy loss were determined by our simulation of microtextures on the blade surface, and the drag reduction mechanism was analyzed. Triangular ribs with a height of 0.2 mm, a width

• velocimetry. Xiao et al. [9] analyzed the drag reduction mechanism of bionic microtextures and constructed simplified V-shaped, trapezoidal, and wavy ribs by grinding. Experimental and simulation studies on aeroengine blades with such microtextures showed that the drag reduction performance of wavy ribs is

• flow field on the smooth blade surface and provide references for the placement of microtextures. (2) The influence of microstructure size on drag reduction of blade surfaces was analyzed to determine the optimal parameters for microstructures. The drag reduction mechanism of the microstructures was

Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

• pollutants is often driven by reactive agents, such as superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, or photo-induced holes produced from either the conduction or valence bands [41][42]. The mechanism of the PD of MB under visible light excitation consists of several steps: Initially, the MB dye molecules are

• : The WS2/MoS2 composite exhibited significant enhancement of PD in terms of long-term stability, reaching up to 97% as shown in Figure 11 compared to that of WS2 and MoS2 taken alone. We assume this performance is ascribed to the mechanism of PD occurring in the composite sample. Precisely, when the

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• monolayer flakes of 2D materials is the inaccurate height derived from topography images, often attributed to capillary or electrostatic forces. Here, we show the existence of a Joule dissipative mechanism related to charge dynamics and supplementing the dissipation due to capillary forces. This particular

• mechanism arises from the surface conductivity and assumes significance specially in the context of 2D materials on insulating supports. In such scenarios, the oscillating tip induces in-plane charge currents that in many circumstances constitute the main dissipative contribution to amplitude reduction and

• identify, in addition to the previously described interactions, an additional contribution to the tip–sample interaction due to the movement of charges on the surface induced by the oscillating tip. To understand and quantify this mechanism, we have proposed a very general model that solves Maxwell’s

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• the samples from watermelon, showing similar behavior as the down-conversion process. Besides the main emission band centered around 720–730 nm, all samples exhibited a second band around 840 nm. Considering the upconversion PL mechanism, the authors consider that the presence of heteroatoms in the

• structure. Due to its size, the crystal structure effects can be enhanced. The expected mechanism for the photodegradation of MB is related with the formation of electron–hole pairs that, due to their oxidizing properties, promotes the formation of OH− radicals. These species are responsible for the

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• their work function. This modulation of work function holds immense significance, particularly in the context of electronic applications. Subsequent investigations will delve into comprehending the mechanism underlying the change in the work function value. Particularly, the impact of oxygen

Reduced subthreshold swing in a vertical tunnel FET using a low-work-function live metal strip and a low-k material at the drain

• Kalai Selvi Kanagarajan and
• Dhanalakshmi Krishnan Sadhasivan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 713–718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.59

• thermionic emission as the carrier injection mechanism [3]. Band-to-band tunneling enables TFETs to have SS < 60 mV/dec [4][5][6][7]. The gate-to-drain capacitance (Cgd) effect (Miller capacitance effect) has an impact on TFET performance. Unwanted effects such as overshoot/undershoot in the inverter

Elastic modulus of β-Ga₂O₃ nanowires measured by resonance and three-point bending techniques

• Annamarija Trausa,
• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Tauno Tiirats,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Boris Polyakov and
• Edgars Butanovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 704–712, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.58

• , trapezoid, and rectangular shapes (see Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1). Only part of the NWs had Au catalyst particles at the end of the NW, which is an indication of VLS growth; therefore, suggesting that a large portion of NWs grew via the self-catalytic vapour–solid (VS) mechanism [24

• with Au nanoparticles (NPs, 100 nm of diameter, water suspension, Alfa Aesar) were positioned in a lower-temperature region 10 cm away from the furnace centre. Au NPs served as catalysts for the vapour–liquid–solid (VLS) growth mechanism. The reactor was heated to 1010 °C (high-temperature zone) under

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) of the powdered form of AuNM, as shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4. Growth mechanism in AuNMs during seed-mediated synthesis Seed-mediated synthesis approach has been adopted in the present work which is quite

• well known to generate anisotropic nanomaterials. The mechanism mainly involves the arrangement of surfactant micelles which dictates anisotropy in nanoparticle during synthesis. A seed is a tiny crystal of ≈2–3 nm that initiates growth of a nanoparticle when introduced in a proper growth solution. The

• DTAB-AuNM, respectively. Growth mechanism of gold nanomakura particles (AuNM). (a) AuNM surrounded by surfactant micelles; (b) growth facet of AuNM; and (c) stepwise growth mechanism during AuNM formation. (a) Seed-mediated synthesis of CTAB-capped AuNR. (b) Seedless synthesis of DTAB-capped AuNR. (c

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• with the [AuCl4]− reduction rate through a two-step autocatalytic nanoparticle growth mechanism [71]. The autocatalytic growth step is driven by H2O2 and can be slowed down by adding hydroxyl radical scavengers resulting in smaller nanoparticles (Figure 4) [48]. Hence, the water decomposition leads to

• proposed a mechanism of electron transfer from the solvent, which produced acetone as a by-product. Since this transfer is not possible in water and only plasma reactions are available, Ag could not nucleate during LRL in water because of the oxidizing activity of hydroxyl radicals [121]. Overall, LSPC in

• termination reaction with hydrogen, different end-capping groups such as CN or CH3 can be added [118][132][140][141][142][143]. While this mechanism for polyyne formation is widely accepted for ns-LAL, the synthesis of polyynes by fs-LAL is proposed to undergo different reactions. In contrast to ns-LAL, where

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• Julian Thomas Stanislav N. Gorb Thies H. Buscher Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.15.52 Abstract The mechanism by which insects achieve attachment and locomotion across diverse substrates has

• roughness and thereby increase the contact area [14][16][17][18][19]. It can aid in the enhancement of viscous and capillary forces further increasing the attachment strength [9][14][20][21][22][23][24]. The adhesive secretion can be essential for the self-cleaning mechanism by binding smaller contamination

• structural mechanism for product release (e.g., a duct), and the presence of a dedicated storage area for their respective products (e.g., the adhesive secretion reservoir). Collectively, these distinctive features categorize the exocrine cells as exocrine cells type I [62]. Despite their morphological

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• model has the highest degree of fitting with the release of NFs in different simulated environments within 72 h, which indicates conformity with the Fick diffusion mechanism. Meanwhile, we found that RF heating does not affect the release kinetics model. Ritger–Peppas is a semiempirical model, and n is

• an indicator of the drug release mechanism, where n ≤ 0.45 represents the Fick diffusion. The n values calculated in this study are all less than 0.45, indicating that the CUR release from NFs is in accordance with the Fick diffusion. Similarly, the Higuchi model has the highest degree of fitting

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• due to the lower ALN internalization, resulting from the lower ALN/lipid ratio and lower endocytosis of the formulation. In either case, the mechanism of reduction of IL-6/IL-8 of ALN-loaded nanoarchaeosomes would differ from that mediated by the corticosteroid receptor since the corticosteroid

• dexamethasone did not affect HUVECs. The nanovesicles are internalized by endocytosis, a mechanism independent of their concentration and dose. Nanoarchaeosomes from H. tebenquichense are massively endocytosed, total or partly via SRA1, the receptor responsible for massive, high-rate internalization of

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• /GQDs nanoparticles. Magnetic properties, morphology, structure, and fluorescence of the nanocomposites were studied, and the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue as a dye model and the mechanism of methylene degradation were also addressed. Experimental Materials Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate

• provides the value of k1. The values of k1, along with others from the literature, are presented in Table 3. However, because the reactions were conducted under different conditions, the comparison is arbitrary. To clarify the mechanism of MB photocatalytic degradation, 10 mM isopropyl (IPA), potassium

• photocorrosion and exhibits excellent reusability for the degradation process. The mechanism of MB degradation over the CF/GQDs catalyst is illustrated in Scheme 2. Under visible light irradiation, photogenerated holes (h+) are created in the valence bands via the transfer of photogenerated electrons (e−) from

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• leading to heat-induced fragmentation of Ag NWs as the mechanism of stress release, and could potentially involve recrystallization into single crystals. To test this hypothesis, we repeated experiments on TEM grids with subsequent observation of the crystal structure via TEM. It was found that the

• a driving force for the redistribution of Ag atoms and splitting of the adhered part of a NW into shorter fragments as a mechanism for stress mitigation. For the suspended parts, the thermal expansion should result in deformation. To estimate the extent and distribution of the heat-induced

• occur in the real system as a mechanism of stress mitigation. The model is completely elastic, and the simulated processes are fully reversible. Therefore, the results of FEM simulations should only be treated as a simplified qualitative illustration of the thermomechanical processes that may occur in

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• metal-based nanoantioxidants of each type are described focusing on the mechanism of action, antioxidant activities, and individual properties. Second, the application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare is carefully discussed in order to demonstrate the potential of

• antioxidant appearing in low-density lipoprotein and human blood plasma contributing to the decrease of oxidative stress. Its mechanism of action relies on the ability to transfer the phenolic H atom to a peroxyl radical (ROO•) much more rapidly than the propagation reactions [50][51][52][53]. Despite the

• stability during long-term storage [54][55][56]. Relying on the mechanism of chain-breaking antioxidants, nanomaterials can be synthesized to directly react with ROS after the oxidative reaction begins. Chain-breaking antioxidant nanomaterials are materials or chemical substances having a size between 0–100

Insect attachment on waxy plant surfaces: the effect of pad contamination by different waxes

• Elena V. Gorb and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 385–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.35

• previously reported findings in many plant and insect species [4][5][6]. The contaminating ability of plant waxes has been previously shown for many plants [8][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Our study clearly revealed the effect of pad contamination by plant wax material as an important mechanism of insect

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• applied strain on NCG placed on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates provide intriguing insights into the underlying mechanism. Raman measurements, in conjunction with strain applied to NCG grown on flexible glass, indicate that the strain is concentrated at the grain boundaries for smaller strain

• properties, a mechanism for piezoresistance in NCG is proposed. The work included here is a part of the PhD thesis completed by the first author S. Kumar [23]. Results and Discussion The two-point bending fixture, which was constructed to impart external strain and simultaneously perform sheet resistance

• observed the plateau-like region as reported here, where the gauge factor is similar to the gauge factor at very low strain [24][33]. A plateau-like region has neither been observed in nanocrystalline graphite [33], amorphous carbon films [34], nor in metallic films [35]. The mechanism that leads to an

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• to induce that type of energy deposition in the Ge lattice. This way, the defects can be produced and the substrate can be amorphized. The roughness and growth exponents have been deduced from the RMS surface roughness and power spectral density data to understand the mechanism of ripple formation on

• slope is obtained as 0.23 ± 0.07 and 0.19 ± 0.09 for Si and Ge, respectively. The roughness parameter α and the growth parameter β give information about the mechanism responsible for creating these surface structures due to the interplay between roughness induced by sputtering and smoothening due to

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• . To date, few studies have reported on the mechanism of apoptosis of cancerous cells after metal oxide treatment, which still remains unclear. Traditional approaches are very costly, time-consuming, involve a lot of resources and lead to ethical implications; also, they are inadequate in addressing

• interpretability [21][22][23][24][25]. This type of descriptors can indicate relevant features and mend the mechanism interpretation. Some properties (size, zeta potential, molecular weight, mass percentage of metal elements, and cation charge) are investigated to have a better understanding of the structure of

• intensity of oxidative stress. This happens because longer exposure times enhance the toxicity mechanism of NPs. In contrast, short-term exposure does not affect significantly the cells. NPs can induce oxidative stress by impairing antioxidant defenses in humans when they are chronically exposed to NPs

Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane

• Shangbi Chen,
• Dewen Liu,
• Weiwei Chen,
• Huajiang Chen,
• Jiawei Li and
• Jinfang Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 270–278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.25

• formation under stretching. The sensors with helix indices C1, C2, and C3 exhibited distinct turning points at 250%, 550%, and 850% strain, respectively. The dominance of strain in the sensing mechanism can be attributed to the tunneling effect [37]. As the Au film is stretched, it gradually separates

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• tumor microenvironment triggers the controlled release of VNB. When combined with laser-induced photothermal therapy, this results in effective tumor elimination without recurrence. This mechanism holds immense promise for precise and targeted drug delivery. Moreover, VNB/PDA/Fe3O4 NPs exhibit

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• verify that kinetic inductive mechano-electric coupling (KIMEC) is a useful, albeit not entirely understood, physical effect. Further investigation of alternative designs will help to shed light on the underlying physical mechanism behind KIMEC. We hope that this study motivates future work in this

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• engage in a complex interplay of dynamic physicochemical interactions, kinetics, and thermodynamic exchanges that can lead to undesirable outcomes [1][8][9][10]. In a more general context, the importance in understanding the mechanism of bionano interactions arises from the increasing awareness and