A top-down approach for fabricating three-dimensional closed hollow nanostructures with permeable thin metal walls

• Carlos Angulo Barrios and
• Víctor Canalejas-Tejero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1231–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.124

• could be considered to form the nanocages. For example, sputtering could be used to create nanometer-thick amorphous or polycrystalline films, which are expected to have pores (voids) and diffusion paths (grain boundaries). Note, however, that the sputtering technique typically leads to highly conformal

Metal oxide nanostructures: preparation, characterization and functional applications as chemical sensors

• Dario Zappa,
• Angela Bertuna,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Navpreet Kaur,
• Nicola Poli,
• Veronica Sberveglieri and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1205–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.122

• Raman spectrum of WO3 nanowire networks. All identified peaks can be attributed to tungsten trioxide, while there is no sign of alumina (corundum) peaks related to the polycrystalline substrate. This means that tungsten oxide covers the entire substrates. More specifically, the peaks at 707 cm−1 and

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and thermogravimetric analysis of two series of substituted (metallo)tetraphenylporphyrins

• Rasha K. Al-Shewiki,
• Carola Mende,
• Roy Buschbeck,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Tobias Rüffer and
• Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1191–1204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.121

• -consuming grinding of the pure (polycrystalline) materials the IR spectra reveal the presence of water, likely due to the hygroscopic nature of the compounds and/or of KBr. In Figure 2 (2, 2a–d) and Figure 3 (3, 3a–d) the spectral region between 500 and 1800 cm−1 is displayed. Shaded areas within individual

Assembly of metallic nanoparticle arrays on glass via nanoimprinting and thin-film dewetting

• Sun-Kyu Lee,
• Sori Hwang,
• Yoon-Kee Kim and
• Yong-Jun Oh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1049–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.106

• solid-state dewetting. The dewetting processes of polycrystalline metallic films on smooth and topographic substrates are well known. On smooth substrates, solid-state dewetting of the film occurs with film thinning and hole formation at a grain boundary (GB) triple junction, followed by retraction of

• grooving and breakage of the film at the edges of the pits (or mesas) with high curvature before the film breaks at GB triple junctions [1][12][13]. This mechanism enables the formation of a single isolated particle inside the pit. If the as-deposited polycrystalline film is so thin that it has high

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• using ambient pressure CVD on polycrystalline Ni; this was transferred to a variety of substrates like SiO2/Si or glass [36]. For the preparation of graphene–NP hybrids, bulk quantities of GSs are required. Therefore, for the synthesis of graphene–NP hybrid systems, top-down approaches have been used in

• Li2O layer. They also found that the single crystalline Fe2O3 NPs were converted to polycrystalline NPs and the delithiated product is no longer Fe2O3 but FeO. A solvothermal process is introduced to construct 3D macroscopic Fe2O3 nanocube/N-doped graphene aerogels as an anode material for LIB

Graphene functionalised by laser-ablated V₂O₅ for a highly sensitive NH₃ sensor

• Margus Kodu,
• Artjom Berholts,
• Tauno Kahro,
• Mati Kook,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Helina Seemen,
• Tea Avarmaa,
• Harry Alles and
• Raivo Jaaniso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 571–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.61

• thick polycrystalline copper foil (99.5%, Alfa Aesar) using a home-built CVD reactor. First, the foil was annealed at 1000 °C in Ar/H2 flow (both 99.999%, AGA Estonia) for 60 min, and then exposed to the mixture of 10% CH4 (99.999%, AGA Estonia) in Ar at the same temperature for 120 min. The sample was

Formation and shape-control of hierarchical cobalt nanostructures using quaternary ammonium salts in aqueous media

• Ruchi Deshmukh,
• Anurag Mehra and
• Rochish Thaokar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 494–505, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.53

• of ammonium hydroxide is a significant novelty in the growth of these nanostructures. A high-resolution image of a nanorod shows grain boundaries (Figure 7a) of aggregating nanoparticles and indicates the polycrystalline nature of nanorods. A lattice spacing of 0.20 nm corresponding to the hcp Co(002

• polycrystalline themselves, while the primary particles in the formation of nanoplates are single-crystalline. The thickness of the nanoplates is limited to two particles (size of monomers ca. 15 nm). The above discussion describes the similarity in the growth direction of nanoplates and nanorods. In both

• the XPS spectrum shown in Figure S7 (Supporting Information File 1). Oxide formation was inevitable since the analyses required drying or separation of cobalt nanoparticles that might lead to interactions of the surfactant with metal surfaces [46]. Polycrystalline nanorods show a higher value of Ms

Advances in the fabrication of graphene transistors on flexible substrates

• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Stella Lo Verso,
• Silvestra Di Marco,
• Vincenzo Vinciguerra,
• Emanuela Schilirò,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Raffaella Lo Nigro,
• Fabrizio Roccaforte,
• Amaia Zurutuza,
• Alba Centeno,
• Sebastiano Ravesi and
• Filippo Giannazzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 467–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.50

• graphene. In particular, it is expected that the polycrystalline nature of CVD graphene has a direct effect on the current transport in a large area channel. In addition to these natural defects originating from CVD growth, the graphene membrane is subjected to significant strain if transferred to a rough

Role of oxygen in wetting of copper nanoparticles on silicon surfaces at elevated temperature

• Tapas Ghosh and
• Biswarup Satpati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 425–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.45

• crystal silicon and the ring patterns (indexed in green) are from polycrystalline Cu, Cu2O or CuO. X-ray diffraction pattern for the (a) as-deposited copper nanoparticles on silicon substrate and (b) when the copper nanoparticle substrate is annealed under oxygen at 500 °C for 1 min. (a),(b) Cross

Methods for preparing polymer-decorated single exchange-biased magnetic nanoparticles for application in flexible polymer-based films

• Laurence Ourry,
• Delphine Toulemon,
• Souad Ammar and
• Fayna Mammeri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 408–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.43

• perfectly epitaxial fashion with an antiferromagnetic CoO polycrystalline shell about 1 nm thick, as described in previous work [16]. We then controlled their surface functionality to tentatively design well-tailored nano-building-blocks for the aforementioned devices. To reduce mutual magnetic attraction

Template-controlled piezoactivity of ZnO thin films grown via a bioinspired approach

• Nina J. Blumenstein,
• Fabian Streb,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Zaklina Burghard and
• Joachim Bill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 296–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.32

• the coupling of the materials response in the z-direction to an electric field applied in the same direction [7]. For piezoactive, polycrystalline ZnO thin films it is therefore essential that most of the crystallites are oriented in the same way. This means a (002) texture is formed resulting in a

• composite nacre with its remarkable mechanical stability [37]. The growth of the inorganic, polycrystalline aragonite platelets is directed by biopolymers. This organic template leads to oriented attachment of the CaCO3 crystallites so that a preferred orientation along the c-axis arises [38]. According to

Influence of hydrofluoric acid treatment on electroless deposition of Au clusters

• Rachela G. Milazzo,
• Antonio M. Mio,
• Giuseppe D’Arrigo,
• Emanuele Smecca,
• Alessandra Alberti,
• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Filippo Giannazzo,
• Corrado Spinella and
• Emanuele Rimini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 183–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.19

• silicon. The SAED and the XRD measurements showed a pronounced heteroepitaxial component but also a polycrystalline phase for Au on Si(100) obtained by galvanic displacement. The layered gold regions could be altered by means of postdeposition HF treatments. TEM observations and XRD analysis showed that

Nitrogen-doped twisted graphene grown on copper by atmospheric pressure CVD from a decane precursor

• Ivan V. Komissarov,
• Nikolai G. Kovalchuk,
• Vladimir A. Labunov,
• Ksenia V. Girel,
• Olga V. Korolik,
• Mikhail S. Tivanov,
• Algirdas Lazauskas,
• Mindaugas Andrulevičius,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Viktoras Grigaliūnas,
• Šarunas Meškinis,
• Sigitas Tamulevičius and
• Serghej L. Prischepa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 145–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.15

• with a 14 mm diameter tubular quartz reactor was employed for the experiment. Polycrystalline copper foil (99.9% purity, proved by the EDX study) with a thickness of 60 μm was used as the catalyst. Prior to the APCVD, the foil was electrochemically polished for 5 min in 1 M phosphoric acid at a bias

• wavelengths. Such a difference can be reasonably explained by the presence of nitrogen in the graphene structure (as confirmed by XPS) and the accompanying stress or polycrystalline nature of the studied thin film. Actually, both factors lead to the decrease of the ratio intensity. It is worth highlighting

Nanocrystalline TiO₂/SnO₂ heterostructures for gas sensing

• Barbara Lyson-Sypien,
• Anna Kusior,
• Mieczylaw Rekas,
• Jan Zukrowski,
• Marta Gajewska,
• Katarzyna Michalow-Mauke,
• Thomas Graule,
• Marta Radecka and
• Katarzyna Zakrzewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 108–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.12

• . In our previous work [1] one can find an analysis of TiO2–SnO2 in the form of polycrystalline ceramics and rf-sputtered thin films upon interaction with H2 but not much is known in the case of nanomaterials. Since that time we have focused on commercial TiO2 and SnO2 starting nanomaterials for the

• grains well dispersed within the primary SnO2 cassiterite phase cannot be excluded. The influence of 10 mol % SnO2 in TiO2 on the XRD pattern (Figure 2b) is much more pronounced. As observed previously for polycrystalline ceramics and thin films [1], even a relatively small amount of SnO2 in TiO2 results

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

• Anna Kosinova,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Leonid Klinger and
• Eugen Rabkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2088–2099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.199

• several micrometers. In the case of the thicker films studied in the present work (the total thickness is 50 nm), the average grain size was comparable to the film thickness (Figure 1a). Triple junctions are clearly observed between the majority of grains, which is typical of a polycrystalline film. The

• results of the present study, the following conclusions can be drawn: Thin polycrystalline Au(Fe) films on basal-plane oriented sapphire substrates were produced by electron beam deposition. The films exhibited a strong [111] texture and all grain boundaries were either of the near-Σ3<111> tilt, or of the

Ferromagnetic behaviour of ZnO: the role of grain boundaries

• Boris B. Straumal,
• Svetlana G. Protasova,
• Andrei A. Mazilkin,
• Eberhard Goering,
• Gisela Schütz,
• Petr B. Straumal and
• Brigitte Baretzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1936–1947, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.185

• prepared. The Zn precursor was mixed, respectively, with Mn, Co, Ni or Fe butanoates in appropriate proportions (in order to obtain doped ZnO with dopant contents from 0.1 to 50 atom %). The mixture of liquid precursors was deposited on a substrate (aluminium polycrystalline foil or sapphire single

• obtained from poreless films with equiaxial grains. If the grains are elongated or flattened, the shape of the Js(c) curves is different. Most different look the Js(c) curves obtained in measurements with ZnO samples built of dense polycrystalline spheres loosely sintered [8][9][26]. Increase of dopant

A new approach to grain boundary engineering for nanocrystalline materials

• Shigeaki Kobayashi,
• Sadahiro Tsurekawa and
• Tadao Watanabe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1829–1849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.176

• characterization of their unique properties in 1986 [1]. Nanocrystalline or nanostructured crystalline materials have opened a new horizon toward the generation of enhanced strength beyond the expectation from the Hall–Petch relationship for conventional polycrystalline structural materials with ordinary grain

• ][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Since the concept of grain boundary design and control was first proposed by Watanabe [30], an increasing number of researchers have been involved in the development of high performance polycrystalline materials, including nanocrystalline or nanostructured materials

• boundary segregation have already been discussed for polycrystalline materials [30][36]. Watanabe et al. [25] have reviewed the recent achievements in GBE by magnetic field application for powerful control of abnormal grain growth and intergranular brittleness due to segregation of detrimental elements in

Morphology of SiO₂ films as a key factor in alignment of liquid crystals with negative dielectric anisotropy

• Volodymyr Tkachenko,
• Antigone Marino,
• Eva Otón,
• Noureddine Bennis and
• Josè Manuel Otón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1743–1748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.167

• particular LC. In the case of negative Δε, LC alignment only takes place in plane of particle incidence [3][4], defined mainly by film morphology. The most amazing morphological feature of obliquely deposited polycrystalline films is its columnar structure, which appears to be due to a self-shadowing effect

Nanostructured TiO₂-based gas sensors with enhanced sensitivity to reducing gases

• Wojciech Maziarz,
• Anna Kusior and
• Anita Trenczek-Zajac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1718–1726, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.164

• material for application as an acetone sensor. Keywords: acetone; flower-like 3D nanostructures; gas sensors; selectivity; titanium dioxide; Introduction The market for resistive-type gas sensors is dominated by materials developed on the base of thin or thick layers composed of polycrystalline metal

Properties of Ni and Ni–Fe nanowires electrochemically deposited into a porous alumina template

• Alla I. Vorobjova,
• Dmitry L. Shimanovich,
• Kazimir I. Yanushkevich,
• Sergej L. Prischepa and
• Elena A. Outkina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1709–1717, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.163

• of 50 ± 5 nm in diameter and 25 μm in length, i.e., with an aspect ratio of 500. XRD data demonstrate the polycrystalline nature of Ni and Ni–Fe in a face-centered cubic close-packed lattice. Both fabricated materials, Ni and Ni–Fe, have shown ferromagnetic properties. The specific magnetization

• mutual orientation of crystallites along the main direction of growth (the Z-axis oriented vertically along a pore). The existence of other weak peaks shows the presence of small amount of crystallites with other directions of growth and confirms the polycrystalline structure of Ni NWs. Previously it has

• been shown [39] that for a Ni film with polycrystalline fcc structure the primary direction of crystallite growth is (111) and, thus, it differs from Ni NWs in the alumina pores (220). In our case, the primary direction of Ni NWs growth is (220), too. As described in [40], this orientation is a

Role of RGO support and irradiation source on the photocatalytic activity of CdS–ZnO semiconductor nanostructures

• Suneel Kumar,
• Rahul Sharma,
• Vipul Sharma,
• Gurunarayanan Harith,
• Vaidyanathan Sivakumar and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1684–1697, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.161

• XRD patterns of ZnO nanorods show peaks at 2θ = 31.67, 34.31, 36.14, 47.40, 56.52, 62.73, 66.28, 67.91 and 69.03°, which could be assigned to the (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103), (200), (112) and (201) lattice planes, respectively, indicating the prepared ZnO NR have polycrystalline wurtzite

Sb₂S₃ grown by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and its application in a hybrid solar cell

• Erki Kärber,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Ilona Oja Acik,
• Arvo Mere,
• Valdek Mikli and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1662–1673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.158

• films whereas films prepared from non-aqueous solvents have been reported as polycrystalline [22][24]. So far, we have shown that for growing Sb2S3 by pneumatic CSP the use of SbCl3 and thiourea (tu) precursors with an SbCl3/tu molar ratio of 1:3 dissolved in methanol and sprayed on substrate at a

Customized MFM probes with high lateral resolution

• Óscar Iglesias-Freire,
• Miriam Jaafar,
• Eider Berganza and
• Agustina Asenjo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1068–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.100

• MFM accessible to these properties in any lab is particularly useful if one wants to carry out experiments in environments such as vacuum or liquid [19]. Experimental The custom-made tips presented in this manuscript are fabricated by sputter coating commercial AFM sensors with a polycrystalline Co

Phenalenyl-based mononuclear dysprosium complexes

• Yanhua Lan,
• Andrea Magri,
• Olaf Fuhr and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.92

• performed on polycrystalline samples. The ground powder was restrained in Apiezon grease. The magnetic data were corrected for the sample holder. Synthesis All the purchased chemicals and solvents were used as received without any further purification unless otherwise stated. The reactions involving water