Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

• . Experimental Both MoS2 and WS2 samples were synthesized using a one-step CVD process under atmospheric pressure. The CVD system consists of a quartz tube connected to an argon source. The furnace was gradually heated to specific processing temperatures of MoS2 and WS2, which were subsequently deposited onto

Synthesis of silver–palladium Janus nanoparticles using co-sputtering of independent sources: experimental and theorical study

• Maria J. Martínez-Carreón,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Abel Fundora,
• Claudio D. Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Sergio Mejía-Rosales,
• Hector N. Fernández-Escamilla,
• Jonathan Guerrero-Sánchez,
• Manuel F. Meléndrez and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 808–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.67

• K, using the DL_POLY 4 code [14]. The time step was set to 0.001 ps, for a total simulation time of 0.5 ns. The atomic interactions were modelled using the Sutton–Chen potential, with the parameters obtained by Çağin et al. [15], and the mixing rules of Rafii-Tabar and Sutton were used to define the

Electron-induced ligand loss from iron tetracarbonyl methyl acrylate

• Hlib Lyshchuk,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Thomas F. M. Luxford,
• Miloš Ranković,
• Jaroslav Kočišek,
• Juraj Fedor,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Pamir Nag

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 797–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.66

• the gas phase has been probed with respect to its dissociative ionization [10] and dissociative electron attachment [11][12]; there is even information available on its electronic excitation, which is the first step towards neutral dissociation [11]. The gas-phase studies have been complemented by

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• pellet was filtered and washed using a vacuum filter to remove the phosphoric acid catalyst and the unreacted ʟ-aspartic acid monomeric molecules. Then, the pellet was mixed in distilled water for 10 min. This step was repeated until the pH of the filtrate changed from acidic to neutral. Finally, the PSI

• ). Results and Discussion To create a proper wound dressing material containing inorganic salt for potential antibacterial purposes, the first step was the synthesis of the polymer, the characterization of the solution, and the final scaffold with different techniques. Characterization of solutions and

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• to provide a greener and more efficient solution for wastewater treatment in the textile industry, reducing environmental impact and conserving clean water resources. This research represents a significant step towards addressing water pollution caused by the textile industry, and highlights the

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• determined based on at each time step Δt using the marching cubes algorithm and an irregular mesh of triangular elements [33]. In order to solve Equation 1, the ion fluxes and the displacement rate were calculated on the surface S(x, y, t) and transferred via nearest-neighbor interpolation to the primary

• the function depends on the relation between the fluxes of the sputtered and redeposited atoms. If the condition is satisfied in the vicinity of the point for the sputtered surface element ΔS, the total number of redeposited atoms in the cell corresponding to per time step Δt varies by , while the

• negligible for incidence angles smaller than 70°. The values of functions and were tabulated on the basis of SDTrimSP Monte Carlo simulations. The range of incidence angles θ from 70° to 88° was divided into intervals with the step size of 2°, while the hemisphere above the substrate surface was presented

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• oxidation of URI generates a bis-imine [35], and the oxidation of HYP forms 6,8-dioxypurine at the N7=C8 double bond [36]. Relevant operational parameters In the present work, the operational parameters accumulation potential (Eacc), accumulation time (tacc), pulse amplitude (ΔE), and potential step (Ustep

• ± 0.25 μA (n = 7), respectively; while the values for HYP are 1.341 ± 0.004 V and 7.204 ± 0.055 μA (n = 7), respectively. This shows that the TiO2/GQDs material interacts well with URI and HYP during the accumulation step. An Eacc value of +0.1 V with low relative standard deviation (RSD) values for IP

• signal. The influence of Ustep was studied in the range from 0.004 to 0.010 V corresponding to a potential scan rate from 13.3 mV·s−1 to 33.3 mV·s−1 with tstep = 0.3 s. It is clear that Ustep slightly changes the oxidation potential of both HYP and URI. Theoretically, increasing the potential step might

Elastic modulus of β-Ga₂O₃ nanowires measured by resonance and three-point bending techniques

• Annamarija Trausa,
• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Tauno Tiirats,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Boris Polyakov and
• Edgars Butanovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 704–712, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.58

• suitable for use on bendable and stretchable substrates in line with the current trends in electronic technologies focusing on flexible electronic device development [11][12]. Consequently, understanding the mechanical properties of β-Ga2O3 NWs becomes an important step. For instance, precise determination

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• prepared as shown in step 1 and were used subsequently in step 2 for the preparation of AuNMs. Figure 1b shows the absorption spectra of Au seed capped with different surfactants. Absorption spectra of CTAB-AuNM, MTAB-AuNM, and DTAB-AuNM in the range of visible to NIR are shown in Figure 1c. The absorption

• Synthesis of makura-shaped gold nanoparticles Step 1: Synthesis of surfactant-capped gold seeds. Individual surfactant-capped seeds were prepared for the synthesis of different surfactant-capped gold nanomakura. Initially, surfactant-capped gold seeds were synthesized using the available surfactants (CTAB

• (0.01 M) was added, which turned the solution brownish in colour. The appearance of a brownish colour confirmed the reduction of Au3+ to Au0. Step 2: Growth-mediated synthesis of gold nanomakura. In brief, a protocol that combines seed-mediated growth with controlled particle etching was used. The

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• with the [AuCl4]− reduction rate through a two-step autocatalytic nanoparticle growth mechanism [71]. The autocatalytic growth step is driven by H2O2 and can be slowed down by adding hydroxyl radical scavengers resulting in smaller nanoparticles (Figure 4) [48]. Hence, the water decomposition leads to

• reduction step [120]. LML of iron oxide in ethyl acetate and ethanol was reported to yield ethyl aldehyde and butane. The aldehyde was proposed to form via dehydrogenation of ethanol, while butane forms via dimerization of formed C2H5 radicals [125]. Van’t Zand et al. investigated the pyrolysis of

• /cavitation bubble phase in which the carbon-based solvent is decomposed, followed by an accumulation of the decomposition products on the metal surface and a final carbonization step to form carbon shells on the nanoparticle surface [101][148]. The latter were reported to undergo graphitization to onion-like

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

• Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
• Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
• Larissa Otubo,
• Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
• Almir Oliveira Neto and
• Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

• nitride as the initial material. In addition to using fewer reagents compared to conventional methods involving acidic baths, oxidizers, ultrasound, multiple reaction steps, exfoliation, and washes, the presented method operates in a single step [18][19]. In this study, we explore the exfoliation of TiN

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• series from 30% to 100% (each step for 20 min). All steps were performed on a shaker and at 4 °C. For the last step, the samples were embedded in Epon 812 (Glycidether 100; Carl Roth GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) and polymerized at 60 °C for 48 h. The embedded samples were cut into semi-thin sections of 0.2

• PBS for 30 min and two times with double-distilled water for 30 min each. Afterwards, the samples were dehydrated in an ascending ethanol series. Each step was performed on ice (4 °C) and on a shaker. Afterwards, the samples were critical point dried (Leica EM CPD300, Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). Then

• step, 10 frames averaging, and 10 random movements), reconstructed in Nrecon®1.0.7.4 (Bruker micro‐CT, Billerica, MA, USA), segmented with Amira®6.2 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and visualized with the open-source 3D creation software Blender 2.82a (Blender Foundation, Amsterdam

AFM-IR investigation of thin PECVD SiO_x films on a polypropylene substrate in the surface-sensitive mode

• Hendrik Müller,
• Hartmut Stadler,
• Teresa de los Arcos,
• Adrian Keller and
• Guido Grundmeier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 603–611, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.51

• between 0.2 and 0.5 mbar. As the gas mixture, argon, oxygen, and HMDSO (98.5% purity, Sigma-Aldrich) were used in different ratios. First, the surface was pretreated for five seconds with an oxygen-rich plasma. For this step, the argon-to-oxygen ratio was set to 1:2. For the deposition of silicon oxide

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• -Fe NPs were subsequently collected by magnetic separation and stored for the next step. In addition, the content of CUR in the supernatant was detected by a microplate reader (SPECTRAMAX190, Molecular Devices, USA) at 426 nm. DLE and DEE were calculated according to the following equations: where

Directed growth of quinacridone chains on the vicinal Ag(35 1 1) surface

• Niklas Humberg,
• Lukas Grönwoldt and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 556–568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.48

• –24873]. The vicinal surface leads to one additional chain orientation, which is parallel to the Ag step edges. However, most chains nucleate on the Ag terraces between steps with four distinct azimuthal orientations that are identical to those on Ag(100), and which are determined by the interactions

• with the (100) surface. At 300 K, the chains grow across the Ag steps, which do not break the azimuthal chain orientations. In contrast, during the deposition at sample temperatures of 400 and 500 K, the nucleation of the chains takes place at the Ag step edges. Hence, these have a strong influence on

• step edges. Keywords: Ag(100); intermolecular hydrogen bonds; one-dimensional aggregates; organic nanostructures; quinacridone; step-molecule interactions; vicinal surface; Introduction A versatile and powerful method to create nanostructures on surfaces is the self-assembly of atoms and molecules

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• data to be explored. As a result, N2D3S development by the additive approach requires an AI/ML technique to achieve multioutput and multilabel classification [21][22][23][24]. In addition, the AI/ML technique includes a pre-processing step to perform information fusion (IF) of the preclinical NDD assay

• preclinical assays for NPs. To achieve this, we conducted the IF of AD and NP databases, curated the data, combined the objective and reference functions, and calculated the PTO. NDDs ChEMBL dataset First, we collected the data of preclinical assays for NDDs from the ChEMBL dataset (see step 2.1. in Figure 1

• information of this dataset is given in Supporting Information File 1 (datasheet “ChEMBL”). NP cytotoxicity dataset Simultaneously, we downloaded the data of preclinical assays for the cytotoxicity of NPs from different sources (see step 2.2. in Figure 1). We selected 62 papers from the scientific literature

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• -step process becomes visible. In a first step, CO accumulates near the surface of the adsorbed precursor layer before it desorbs in the second step. CO can be delivered to the surface either by electron-induced fragmentation of the MA ligand or by diffusion of CO ligands cleaved from the precursor at

• , bottom). This is ascribed to surface reactions with residual gases such as CO and H2O (see below). After a deposition step, CKLL and even more OKLL electrons from these impurities at the interface between the Ta substrate and the deposit can contribute to the total signal within and even beyond the

• ]. In the case of the thin layers deposited in the present experiment, the actual composition is, thus, also likely to vary from the first to the second deposition step. We recall, however, that in a situation near scenario A, AES probes the entire deposit. Therefore, again, trends between different

Aero-ZnS prepared by physical vapor transport on three-dimensional networks of sacrificial ZnO microtetrapods

• Veaceslav Ursaki,
• Tudor Braniste,
• Victor Zalamai,
• Emil Rusu,
• Vladimir Ciobanu,
• Vadim Morari,
• Daniel Podgornii,
• Pier Carlo Ricci,
• Rainer Adelung and
• Ion Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.44

• oxide nanotube networks, by atomic layer deposition [20]. Another aeromaterial, so called aerographite, has been produced by a one-step chemical vapor deposition process with a simultaneous and complete removal of the template material consisting of highly porous 3D networks built from interconnected

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• nanocrystals were scanned in continuous mode from 5–40° (2θ) with a step size of 0.02° on a spinning stage at 40 kV and 40 mA with Cu Kα radiation. The incident beam path was equipped with a 0.2 mm divergence slit and a 0.02 mm air scattering screen. The diffracted beam was equipped with Ni-filter. The

• dissolves and is loaded into the blood reaching systemic circulation. Notably, the first step is the key barrier for an efficient drug delivery. In this study, the application of Franz diffusion cells, a standard procedure of transdermal in vitro testing in the USP-NF<725>, helps us to test the penetration

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• then moved closer to the deposit, and the process was repeated until a sharp highlighting of the edges was observed, suggesting the formation of nearly vertical walls. A cleaning step was then performed, using a large area etch (as in [25]), to remove carbon from all around the deposit up to a few

• MeCpMe3Pt precursor. Simulated etching by FEBIE of a planar FEBID surface (a) and the evolution of the sloped sidewalls in seven consecutive etching steps (b). The etching strength in (a) was chosen to be smaller than in (b). With each etching step the sidewalls become steeper, indicated by the seven

• image and (b) FIB cross section of an as-deposited FEBID structure. (a) Top view SE image after etching of the sidewall and (b) after the cleaning step. (c) FIB cross section of deposit after sidewall etching clearly demonstrating the creation of vertical sidewalls. Supporting Information The

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• temperature. The temperature of the first cycle was 100 °C and in each following step, it was increased by 50 °C until 200 °C, and then by 25 °C increments until reaching 450 °C. In the scheme 2 (Figure 2), freshly made samples were heated in a single step for 10 min at a target temperature chosen based on

• Tool (OVITO) [42]. The system time step was 10 fs. More technical details can be found in Supporting Information File 1. Results and Discussion Heat treatment First heating scheme No significant changes in the morphology of Ag NWs were detected for heat-treatment temperatures up to 275 °C. Starting

• one image. : Necking and splitting of Ag NWs in the heating scheme 1 after treatment at 375 °C. SEM images of Ag NWs after a single-step heat treatment (heating scheme 2) at 400 °C. Fragmentation of NWs happened almost exclusively in the adhered parts. Average values of splits per length unit in

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• an Ar+-induced Ir(111) surface defect [57]. In a next step, AFM imaging of the defects at different tip–surface distances was complemented by spatially resolved Δf(Δz) measurements (Figure 4). Figure 4a shows the evolution of the total vertical force recorded along the path across a type-1 defect

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• steps were necessary to define the contact area and to obtain a small contact array, which complicates the fabrication process [18][19]. Compared with these works, our process does not need any additional etching step to either define the contact area of the nanowire or electrodes for the top contact

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• hydroxylamine intermediates in a two-step, two-electron transfer reaction, culminating in 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxyimidazole, whose breakdown releases the reactive dialdehyde glyoxal, which, in the presence of guanosine, generates guanosine–glyoxal adducts. These reactive metabolites are toxic to the parasite

• large industrial volumes is the most challenging step in nanomedicine product development [112]. Slight structural changes induced during the industrial-scale production may modify pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and pharmacodynamics of nanomedicines and alter their therapeutic properties and toxic

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• results were obtained for the other samples. The first peak corresponds to the primary particles and the second peak to the aggregates and agglomerates of the primary particles. The percentage of agglomerates should be higher if shaking by hand is the only re-dispersion step, and this is indeed observed

• sonication for 1 min at 80 W input. Following re-dispersion at Agilent, the dilution for spICP-MS was carried out in three steps. Considering the method’s sensitivity to dilution, during the initial dilution step, the sample was kept under continuous stirring. In subsequent steps, the sample was taken