In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• achieve precise optical characterization, one could employ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) with more refined division into sub-layers [26] and consider additional material properties, such as the anisotropy of PAAO [27] and the optical dispersion of the refractive index (RI) of Al2O3 [28]. However, for

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• levels, thereby being identified as a Zn-tolerant species, ultimately releasing an excess amount of Zn into the environment. Results ZnO NPs characterization Wet chemical synthesis yielded 7.012 g of ZnO NPs, disregarding the sample loss during the synthesis. The XRD pattern corresponds to the hexagonal

• ZnO NPs characterization The PXRD technique provides important insights into the chemical composition, physical characteristics of the material and crystallographic structure, and crystalline particle size based on the scattered X-ray beam intensity [20][21]. The PXRD pattern (Figure 1a) of

• . The concentration ratio between zinc chloride and sodium hydroxide was assessed utilizing the chemical equation formula provided below: Upon drying, the transformation of Zn(OH)2 into ZnO was elucidated by the following equation. Characterization of ZnO NPs Then ZnO NPs were characterized using PXRD

Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti

• Jonatas L. Duarte,
• Leonardo Delello Di Filippo,
• Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira,
• Rafael Miguel Sábio,
• Gabriel Davi Marena,
• Tais Maria Bauab,
• Cristiane Duque,
• Vincent Corbel and
• Marlus Chorilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10

• against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. Results and Discussion Preparation and characterization of the nanoemulsions The determination of the required HLB (rHLB) is an important step in the development of NEs containing volatile oils [19][25]. From the determination of the rHLB, it is possible to determine

• surfactants and active ingredient concentration (5%) [26][27][28]. However, there is only a limited number of studies that focus specifically on the production and characterization of nanoemulsions incorporating cymene or myrcene. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that a high-energy method can yield a

• characteristics, between 20 and 30 mV, have been described in other studies about nanoemulsions containing terpenes suitable for larvicidal applications [30][33][34]. Regarding the physical characterization, the bluish reflex is characteristic of this type of colloidal system, and it is attributed to the Tyndall

New application of bimetallic Ag/Pt nanoplates in a colorimetric biosensor for specific detection of E. coli in water

• Azam Bagheri Pebdeni,
• Mohammad N. AL-Baiati and
• Morteza Hosseini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 95–103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.9

• E. coli was successfully detected using the developed colorimetric sensor. The sensor offers a straightforward, sensitive, and dependable method for detecting pathogens and ensuring water safety. Results and Discussion Characterization of Ag/Pt NPL and apt-NPL Field-emission scanning electron

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• conducted for 6 h to obtain the PLA, BBR/PLA, and BBR NPs/PLA nanofiber scaffolds. Characterization of prepared scaffolds The morphology of PLA and BBR-loaded PLA nanofiber scaffolds was observed by a scanning electron microscope (JSM-6510LV). Fiber diameters were measured from the SEM images by using the

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• Lorentz microscopy and electron holography, along with simultaneous structural and chemical characterization techniques such as electron diffraction, 4D STEM, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), enable a correlative characterization to investigate magnetic

• all measurements have been completed, KOH etching can be conducted, and as a result, the sample is placed on a free-standing SiN membrane and can be studied under TEM. This is useful for future high-frequency correlative characterization of multilayer spintronic devices. Another possible further

• Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Grant No. 856538, project “3D MAGiC”) and the Joint Laboratory on Model and Data Driven Material Characterization of the Helmholtz Association.

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• dialysate. The same procedure was used to prepare RhBITC-BSA/PDA NPs, except that FITC was replaced by RhBITC. The concentrated solution of RhBITC (8.25 mM) was prepared by dissolving 4.4 mg in 1 mL of DMSO. Characterization of the BSA/polydopamine nanoparticles Size measurement The diameter of the NPs was

• polydispersity index are provided in Supporting Information File 1, Table S1. In this study, results given in number will be used. Characterization of the fluorescence properties Fluorescence spectra were recorded with a spectrophotometer-fluorimeter SAFAS Xenius XM 529 (SAFAS Monaco, Monaco, Monaco). Light

• of free FITC and RhBITC were prepared in water from the FITC (3.2 mg/mL) and RhBITC (4.4 mg/mL) solutions in DMSO to provide concentrations of 164 and 373 µM, respectively. For the characterization of Ox-PDA/BSA-NPs, 5 µL of 120 µM RhBITC solution was added to 95 µL of 3 mg/mL Ox-PDA/BSA-NPs solution

Determination of the radii of coated and uncoated silicon AFM sharp tips using a height calibration standard grating and a nonlinear regression function

• Perawat Boonpuek and
• Jonathan R. Felts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1200–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.99

• very difficult to measure. Researchers who want to calibrate the tip radius before the AFM experiment need to perform a thorough cleaning of the AFM tip and a characterization of the edge radius of the standard grate before measuring the radius of the AFM tip. Thorough measurement and distribution of

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• alternative explanation may lie in the usage of different characterization tools (i.e., EDX and AES). From both the UHV and HV FEBID results, one can conclude that the Cl ligands are completely removed and desorbed under the impact of the electron beam. The ease of Cl ligand desorption during electron beam

Spatial variations of conductivity of self-assembled monolayers of dodecanethiol on Au/mica and Au/Si substrates

• Julian Skolaut,
• Jędrzej Tepper,
• Federica Galli,
• Wulf Wulfhekel and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1169–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.97

• which conductive properties can be sensibly averaged, and should therefore be avoided. Moreover, the studies presented here show, that a careful study of the correlation between topography and conductive properties of SAMs is strongly advised, especially if CAFM is used to perform the characterization

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• demonstrates a promising method for the creation of hierarchical nano-/microstructures on various polymers for nerve implant applications. Results and Discussion Fabrication and characterization of PU nanopillar and nanohole substrates We first fabricated nanopillar and nanohole arrays on medical-grade

• provided by the nanopillars and nanoholes could be modulated by the nanopillar/nanohole spacings. This could be the subject of future work utilizing nanosphere lenses with different sizes. Fabrication and characterization of PU pillar–groove and hole–groove substrates After confirming that PU nanopillars

• micrographs of cells stained with RP, AF488-anti-β3 tubulin, and DAPI. Quantification of neurite parameters were performed using a semi-automatic method described in our previous study [16]. SEM was also performed to observe the neurite morphology. Further details on the characterization procedures and

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• develop methods and devices and formulation scientists could improve standard characterization techniques, such as size or surface potential, which are already given in almost every study involving nanoparticles. A full characterization with respect to size, surface potential, corona formation on the

• in publications. This is also recommend for other nanoparticulate properties and characterization techniques as well as biological experiments with the aim of harmonization of research data [42][43]. However, more efforts are needed to establish a standardized determination of mechanical properties

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• albumin proteins [30]. CUR showed strong binding affinity towards HSA, likely at the tryptophan residue, which is present in the hydrophobic cavities of HSA [23][31]. The final CUR-HSA-MPs are obtained after dissolution of the MnCO3 template with EDTA. Characterization of CUR-HSA-MPs Dynamic light

• . Particle characterization Entrapment efficiency of CUR The entrapment efficiency (EE%) in CUR-HSA-MPs was calculated based on the following equation: where CURt is the total amount (mass) of CUR in the original incubation solution and CURf is the unloaded CUR amount measured in the supernatant after

• 0.01. Scheme of the synthesis of the CUR-loaded HSA microparticles via CCD with some modifications. Characterization of curcumin-loaded albumin microparticles. (A) Photographs of sample solutions. From left to right: 1 mL of CUR in DMSO (0.6 mg/mL), CUR in distilled water (0.6 mg/mL), 1 mL of CUR-HSA

Sulfur nanocomposites with insecticidal effect for the control of Bactericera cockerelli

• Lany S. Araujo-Yépez,
• Juan O. Tigrero-Salas,
• Vicente A. Delgado-Rodríguez,
• Vladimir A. Aguirre-Yela and
• Josué N. Villota-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1106–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.91

• stabilizing agent. Characterization techniques and equipment UV–visible spectroscopy was performed on an Analytik Jena SPECORD® S 600 spectrophotometer. Size and morphology of the SNPs were determined using an FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit Twin transmission electron microscope. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination

• Zeinab Eftekhari,
• Nasim Rezaei,
• Hidde Stokkel,
• Jian-Yao Zheng,
• Andrea Cerreta,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Minh Nguyen,
• Guus Rijnders and
• Rebecca Saive

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1059–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.87

• these micro/nano devices is to scrutinize their structure and the interaction between their different components. This can be done by high-resolution characterization techniques that simultaneously probe dynamic properties of different parts of the device. This enables the decoupling of the roles of

• each function of the components on the overall motion behavior. A variety of characterization techniques, such as white light interferometry, laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV), and double-beam laser interferometry (DBLI) have been used to determine the displacement of piezoelectric membranes [9][10

• characterization technique, we cannot fully conclude the reason for the deviation from the expected behavior, the results stress the importance of employing advanced, time-dependent spatial mapping characterization techniques for the development of novel nano/micro-actuators. Conclusion In this study, we

Experimental investigation of usage of POE lubricants with Al₂O₃, graphene or CNT nanoparticles in a refrigeration compressor

• Kayhan Dağıdır and
• Kemal Bilen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1041–1058, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.86

• , and CNTs were added to the refrigeration compressor lubricant (i.e., polyolester, POE, oil) to improve the compressor performance. These nanoparticles were purchased from a manufacturer called Nanografi. Catalog information provided by the manufacturer is given in Table 3. The characterization of the

• nanoparticles is presented separately in the subsequent sections to verify the catalog information provided by the manufacturer. In the characterization of the nanoparticles used in the study, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction

• (XRD) analyses were performed. Characterization of Al2O3 nanoparticles The morphological features of the Al2O3 nanoparticles were investigated with the help of FE-SEM micrograph (Figure 2a). It is seen that the Al2O3 nanoparticles exhibit amorphous nature. Thus, it can be stated that the particle size

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• a washing solution of 0.9% NaCl containing 0.2% HSA, particles were resuspended in 0.9% NaCl, checked via light microscopy for aggregation, and stored at 4 °C. Particle characterization To ensure that the subsequent experiments would be carried out on particles that also met the quality requirements

• the pre-fed samples were, was prepared to check for an influence of continued active cell metabolism on the MFI. Table 3 gives an overview of these samples. Results Particle characterization A HbMP suspension was initially adjusted to a concentration of 2% (V/V) HbMPs as described. The hemoglobin

Exploring internal structures and properties of terpolymer fibers via real-space characterizations

• Michael R. Roenbeck and
• Kenneth E. Strawhecker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1004–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.83

• Kevlar® K29 fibers, we find remarkable differences between the internal structures of the two fibers, and posit connections between our measurements and multifunctional performance studies from the literature. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; correlative characterization; high-performance fibers

• provided critical insights into the structure–property relationships of Technora® fibers. However, our understanding of Technora® would greatly benefit from direct, real-space characterization of the internal structures of these fibers. Real-space measurements could effectively integrate observations of

• development of future classes of high-performance fibers. Results AFM characterizations of Technora® AFM maps enable direct characterization of both fiber nano- and microstructures in real space. Large-scale maps span across the fiber diameter to highlight prominent microstructural features. For Technora

Fragmentation of metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes induced by slow electrons

• Janina Kopyra and
• Hassan Abdoul-Carime

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 980–987, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.81

• competitive fragmentation channels at specific electron energies, indicative of the decay of the same transient negative ion. It is noteworthy that the Mn- and Cu-containing organometallic complexes produce fewer fragments, which arise almost exclusively at electron energies below 4 eV. Characterization of

Prediction of cytotoxicity of heavy metals adsorbed on nano-TiO₂ with periodic table descriptors using machine learning approaches

• Joyita Roy,
• Souvik Pore and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 939–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.77

• tool for the characterization of interpolation spaces based on the modeled descriptors and response functions. The applicability domain developed here is based on the features of some specific heavy metal salts, that is, CdCl2, ZnCl2, MnCl2, CoCl2, CuSO4, NiCl2, Pb(NO3)2, and SbCl3. The developed model

Upscaling the urea method synthesis of CoAl layered double hydroxides

• Camilo Jaramillo-Hernández,
• Víctor Oestreicher,
• Martín Mizrahi and
• Gonzalo Abellán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76

• demonstrated to be a powerful technique for layered hydroxide characterization, especially in the case of earth-abundant 3d cations where this technique can provide information about coordination environments and oxidation states [50]. The spectrum of reference x1 depicts a main signal at 525 nm containing

• experiments and further characterization in Figure S5 and Figure S6, Supporting Information File 1). Regarding sample x10M, the asymmetry of the (003) reflection observed in PXRD can be an indicator of the presence of an impurity. Furthermore, we have characterized these samples by conventional SQUID magnetic

• , pinpointing the most critical synthesis aspects that should be controlled. Furthermore, this work offers reliable characterization fingerprints for controlling the quality and phase purity of these appealing anionic clays. These results may pave the way for the use of these 2D layered materials in different

N-Heterocyclic carbene-based gold etchants

• Robert B. Chevalier,
• Justin Pantano,
• Matthew K. Kiesewetter and
• Jason R. Dwyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 865–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.71

• formation of molecular monolayers on gold surfaces supports a wide range of fundamental science and technological applications. While thiol-containing species continue to dominate monolayer formation, the pursuit and characterization of monolayer precursors with superior performance has been ongoing. NHCs

A wearable nanoscale heart sound sensor based on P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO/GR and its application in cardiac disease detection

• Yi Luo,
• Jian Liu,
• Jiachang Zhang,
• Yu Xiao,
• Ying Wu and
• Zhidong Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 819–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.67

• of heart sound stethoscope. Results and Discussion Characterization of thin film samples In the study by Luo et al. [19], an investigation was carried out to explore the electrospinning of piezoelectric films using different composition ratios of P(VDF-TrFE), ZnO, and GR. The resulting films

• underwent characterization through electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and piezoelectric performance testing. The results indicated that the piezoelectric film with a composition ratio of 12% P(VDF-TrFE) + 10% ZnO + 0.1% GR exhibited superior performance regarding various aspects. Consequently, in

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• . These results show potential for the development of new nanomedicines against T. cruzi. Keywords: benznidazole; biopharmaceutical study; Chagas disease; nanoparticles; nanostructured lipid carriers; physicochemical characterization; Trypanosoma cruzi; Introduction Chagas disease is a neglected disease

• development of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) [20]. Here, we resort to NLC encapsulating BNZ, describing the preparation, physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characterization, and in vitro evaluation against T. cruzi intracellular and blood circulating forms. Interestingly, our formulation achieves a

• other researchers working in the field. Results and Discussion Formulation and physicochemical characterization of NLC-BNZ Nanoparticle formulations were prepared by the ultrasonication method and named as NLC-BNZ or NLC-VEHICLE, in that order, depending on whether they contained BNZ or not. Stable