AFM-IR investigation of thin PECVD SiO_x films on a polypropylene substrate in the surface-sensitive mode

• Hendrik Müller,
• Hartmut Stadler,
• Teresa de los Arcos,
• Adrian Keller and
• Guido Grundmeier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 603–611, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.51

• of the cantilever was used as detection mode at 205 kHz. The drive mode was set to 845 kHz, which equals a higher contact resonance mode. The spectra were collected with a spectral resolution of 4 cm−1, and the phase-locked loop (PLL) was disabled for collecting the spectra. In addition to these

• deeper bulk phase of the substrate and more information of the near-surface region. In samples with a thicker layer of SiOx, this results in an improved signal-to-noise ratio. Even though the spectra of the sample with a low SiOx thickness still show sizable peaks originating from the substrate

Stiffness calibration of qPlus sensors at low temperature through thermal noise measurements

• Laurent Nony,
• Sylvain Clair,
• Daniel Uehli,
• Aitziber Herrero,
• Jean-Marc Themlin,
• Andrea Campos,
• Franck Para,
• Alessandro Pioda and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 580–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.50

• by a phase-locked loop (PLL) that also guarantees a constant oscillation amplitude, A1 [10]. If the tip is far enough from the surface, that is, at distances where the strength of the tip–surface interatomic forces is negligible with respect to the restoring force induced by the excitation, its

• sensor may be described by that of an equivalent SHO of resonance frequency f1, quality factor Q1, amplitude at the resonance A1, and stiffness k1. The relevance of that approximation is verified by recording the resonance curve around f1 and checking to which extent the measured amplitude A(f) and phase

Directed growth of quinacridone chains on the vicinal Ag(35 1 1) surface

• Niklas Humberg,
• Lukas Grönwoldt and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 556–568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.48

• temperature. The deposition process was monitored by the QMS, and the integrated QMS signal was used to calculate the QA coverage θQA. It is given in numbers of monolayers (ML) of the α-phase, as explained in detail in [23]. A more detailed description of the experimental procedures can be found in [23]. The

• corresponding features in the LEED images in detail. A LEED image of QA with a coverage of θQA = 0.65 ML is illustrated in Figure 3a. It is very similar to that of the α-phase of QA/Ag(100) but contains additional spots. The α-phase is defined as the phase of parallel QA chains at a coverage of θQA = 1.0 ML, at

• which the distance b2 between the chains is minimal [23]. The model of the diffraction pattern in Figure 3b shows the spots of the known α-phase diffraction pattern in black and the new spots in gray. The reciprocal vectors of the α-phase and those of the new orientation E are depicted in red and light

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• is determined by the i-th NDD compound and the n-th NP measurement conditions. The remaining cases, f(vij(cd0), vnj(cn0))obs = 0, indicate that at least one of the abovementioned conditions fail. Definition of objective and reference functions IF phase for combining the references After we obtained

• linear and non-linear conversions of MA have been applied for NDD and NP development in previous research work [49][55][56]. The MAS is another way of expressing the combination of IF and PT cumulative procedures of NDD and NP datasets. IF phase and proposal of training and validation series subsets To

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• 700g, and the first fraction of 250–300 μL was collected. The resultant nanovesicles were sterilized by passage through a 0.22 μm sterile filter and stored at 4 °C. ALN was quantified in the aqueous phase, while phospholipids were quantified in the chloroform phase after extraction of ALN using the

• Bligh and Dyer method [77] by a colorimetric phosphate microassay [75]. Size and ζ potential of nanovesicles were determined by dynamic light scattering and phase analysis light scattering, respectively, using a Zetasizer Nano ZS apparatus (Malvern Instruments Ltd, UK). To prepare RhPE-labeled

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• with more than 90 atom % Fe were obtained [19], presumably related to electron beam heating effects. However, attempts to purify deposits with initial Fe contents of only 40 atom % by annealing up to 700 °C led to phase segregation into a highly pure and crystalline Fe phase and a carbonaceous material

• phase [30][31][32][33][34], of clusters of the precursor [35][36][37][38], or of Fe(CO)5 adsorbed on surfaces [27][39][40][41][42][43] with the aim to provide insight into the chemical reactions inherent in the FEBID process. A recent surface science study was performed on Fe(CO)5 adsorbed on a Au

• irradiation removes on average 2.5 CO ligands from Fe(CO)5. This is followed by a second phase during which continued irradiation produces graphitic carbon and oxide material corresponding to about 20% of the initial CO ligands. However, these latter reactions do not further reduce the carbon and oxygen

Aero-ZnS prepared by physical vapor transport on three-dimensional networks of sacrificial ZnO microtetrapods

• Veaceslav Ursaki,
• Tudor Braniste,
• Victor Zalamai,
• Emil Rusu,
• Vladimir Ciobanu,
• Vadim Morari,
• Daniel Podgornii,
• Pier Carlo Ricci,
• Rainer Adelung and
• Ion Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.44

• Department of Material Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.15.44 Abstract Aeromaterials represent a class of increasingly attractive materials for various applications. Among them, aero-ZnS has been produced by hydride vapor phase epitaxy on sacrificial ZnO templates consisting of

• phase content of the prepared aerogels by the duration of the technological procedure. A scheme of deep energy levels and electronic transitions in the ZnS skeleton of the aeromaterial was deduced from the PL analysis, suggesting that the produced aerogel is a potential candidate for photocatalytic and

• for the preparation of the abovementioned semiconductor-based aeromaterials. Most of these aeromaterials have been produced by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Particularly, an aero-ZnS material exhibiting hydrophilic properties under tension and hydrophobic

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• multiple-component photocatalysts is a common way to overcome the issues of single-phase photocatalysts [9]. Stacking GQDs sheets onto CF nanoparticles not only prevents CF from agglomeration but also forms heterojunction contacts, which possibly reduce the recombination of the photo-induced electron–hole

• -1086). It is notable that the XRD pattern of cobalt ferrite with the initial Fe/Co ratio of 2 (stoichiometric ratio) exhibits the diffraction of iron oxides at 2θ of 24.2°, 33.2°, 40.8°, and 49.6° (JCPDS no. 33-0664). This means that a part of cobalt ions goes to the liquid phase during synthesis

• . Therefore, it is necessary to ensure a higher amount of cobalt than its theoretical ratio to achieve stoichiometric cobalt ferrite. Cobalt ferrite with the initial Fe/Co molar ratio of 0.5 has also spinel structure, and no additional and intermediate phase are observed, indicating that a single-phase spinel

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• analyzed by LC-MS/MS to determine the amount of DCS. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for DCS analysis The stationary phase of liquid chromatography (LC) was a 5 µm C18 column from Thermo Fisher Scientific (15 cm × 4.6 mm). The mobile phase A was comprised of acetonitrile (Merck

• Millipore) and 0.1% of trifluoroacetic acid (Merck Millipore), and the mobile phase B was comprised of deionized water and 0.1% of trifluoroacetic acid. The gradient of mobile phases was set with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The temperature of the autosampler was set at 4 °C, and the injection volume was 5 µL

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• defects in the middle of the suspended part. This effect should be even more pronounced if we assume that a NW is deformed and stressed only in the early stage of the hot phase followed by a gradual relaxation of the NW by the means of heat-enhanced rearrangement of Ag atoms at the contact with the

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• revealed from the XRD studies, as-deposited NS-WOx films are amorphous in nature, whereas post-growth vacuum-annealed (at 673 K for 1 h) films show an amorphous-to-crystalline structural phase transition. XPS analysis confirms an increasing concentration of defect density in the form of oxygen vacancies

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• [5]. Globally, CD creates an annual burden exceeding 800,000 disability-adjusted life years and $600,000,000 in healthcare costs [6]. Classically, the infectious cycle in the human host begins as an acute phase, asymptomatic except in children, where trypomastigotes circulate in the blood and

• intracellular amastigotes are usually found in hepatic macrophages. Amastigotes multiply and differentiate into trypomastigotes, which are released back to the blood after cell rupture. The acute phase is followed by an indeterminate, asymptomatic phase. Ten to thirty years after the acute phase, 30%–40% of

• patients will develop a chronic phase. This phase presents typical denervation and fibrosis of cardiac or digestive muscles, with scarcer intracellular forms. The subsequent cardiac arrhythmias or progressive heart failure and sudden death are the highest attributable cost of the disease [7][8]. With 75

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• the nanowire reduces Ic and decreases the maximum nc possible before undesirable nonlinear effects become significant. A nonlinear microwave mode is not part of the standard electromechanical formulation, complicating the analysis in, for example, the phase-sensitive detection scheme. Third in the

• the measured magnitude and phase response of two nominally identical devices, both with nanowire width w = 200 nm, where one device has the shunt inductance and the other does not. For a shunt with inductance Ls = 195 pH, we increase Qext by a factor of roughly twenty at the cost of a slight reduction

• cryogenic amplifier for low-noise microwave reflection measurement, as shown in Figure 8. Low- and high-frequency signals are synchronously synthesized and measured with a digital multifrequency microwave measurement device (Vivace from Intermodulation Products AB) to measure phase-sensitive

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• a temperature of 300 K, following the NPT ensemble, employing Berendsen weak coupling method [36]. Subsequently, a pre-equilibration phase was conducted for 10 nanoseconds within the NVT ensemble. For the short-range interactions, the cut-off distance was defined as 1.0 nm. In the adaptive well

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• etching using water-assisted FEBIE, the final interpretation of SiO2 morphological changes would require more efforts. For example, treating the subject separately with more sophisticated spectroscopy techniques to provide the data on chemical phase and types of Si–OH bonds on the surface and more

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• the aqueous phase, which contained 10 mL of 1.5% PVA. The mixture was then emulsified by vortexing at 1000 rpm for 1 min, followed by sonication (Sonics, Vnibra cells, USA) over an ice bath for 1 min at 40 W, 40%, 10 s pulse, and 2 s rest. Then, the organic phase was magnetically stirred at 200 rpm

• formulations of the three nanoparticles were F127-folate@PLGA/IO/CHL/IR780 (F127-folate@NP), F127@PLGA/IO/CHL/IR780 (F127@NP), and PVA@PLGA/IO/CHL/IR780 (PVA@NP). Coumarin-6 (0.2 mg) was added to the organic phase to create F127-folate@NP/Cou-6, F127@NP/Cou-6, and PVA@NP/Cou-6 for the fluorescence assay in

• nanoparticle surfaces would assist the NPs to enter the cells. Therefore, F127 has been used as a nanoparticle component for drug delivery. For example, doxorubicin-loaded L61/F127 NPs (SP1049C, Supratek Pharma Inc., Montreal, Canada) have reached phase three in clinical trials [41][42]. The F127-folate@NP has

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• spectroscopy ZView software was used to analyze the frequency characteristics. Substitute circuit models for the obtained thin films were proposed. The values of individual model parameters are summarized in Table 4. The replacement models were made up of R-elements and a constant-phase element (CPE), which

• are connected in parallel based on the fit results. The CPE is an element generating impedance with a constant phase angle in the complex plane. The P (phase) of the CPE element (CPE-P) for the analysis varies from 0.8 to 0.95, which is responsible for the capacity. The element T (capacitance) of the

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• be improved by slow anodization at low temperatures [18], because of the spontaneous nature of oxide formation at the initial phase of PAAO growth, process timing alone cannot guarantee the desired outcome. Furthermore, the growth rate of the PAAO can be influenced by other factors, including local

• layer, several samples were mapped via SE. Instead of a single-layer alumina with effective RI neff, the model for SE measurements (Figure 1c) consisted of a barrier layer (phase 1) and a porous alumina layer (phase 2). As can be seen in Figure 4a–e, the thickness variation of the total alumina film was

• software (SEA, v1.3.8, Semilab). The optical model is depicted in Figure 1c. The substrate is aluminum, phase 1 represents the barrier layer and is aluminum oxide, phase 2 represents PAAO and is a mixture of air and aluminum oxide, and ambient is air. The optical properties of all materials were available

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• wurtzite structure and is consistent with the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database card number (ICSD card No. 067454) for the pure ZnO phase with space group P63mc (Figure 1a). All the diffraction peaks at angles (2θ) of 31.77°, 34.43°, 36.26°, 47.55°, 56.61°, 62.89°, 66.39°, 67.98°, and 69.10° correspond

• contaminants were present in the PXRD pattern, specifying that the principal component at the inorganic phase of the sample was ZnO. Hence, the findings unequivocally substantiated the synthesis of ZnO NPs. The FTIR analysis was conducted to validate the presence of specific functional groups on the surface of

Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti

• Jonatas L. Duarte,
• Leonardo Delello Di Filippo,
• Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira,
• Rafael Miguel Sábio,
• Gabriel Davi Marena,
• Tais Maria Bauab,
• Cristiane Duque,
• Vincent Corbel and
• Marlus Chorilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10

• availability of poorly water-soluble compounds, which is achieved when the oil constitutes the internal phase. In this case, oil-in-water nanoemulsions or aqueous nanoemulsions are obtained. The main advantage of NEs is their better kinetic stability compared to macroemulsions. Also, the NEs protect the EO

• HLB, one can obtain the nanoemulsion with the smallest droplet size, leading to more stable formulations [20]. The rHLB is usually determined by preparing NEs with different ratios of surfactant blends and choosing the most stable formulation to determine the rHLB of the oil phase [21

• present work was (i) to develop stable oil-in-water nanoemulsions containing myrcene or cymene as the dispersed phase, (ii) to determine the required rHLB values for emulsion stability, (iii) to assess the biocompatibility via in vitro and in vivo assays, and (iv) to evaluate the bioefficacy of the NE

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• supports the conclusion that the BBR concentration on the surface of BBR NPs/PLA nanofibers was higher than that on the surface of BBR/PLA nanofibers, which is in agreement with the above FTIR analysis. The poor miscibility between the hydrophilic drug and the hydrophobic polymer might cause phase

• separation during the electrospinning process [17][38][39], leading to the formation of a BBR-rich phase on the surface of nanofibers. The crystallinity of the PLA pellet and electrospun nanofiber scaffolds were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (Figure 3B). The XRD pattern of the PLA pellet shows

• phases. The exponential phase occurred in the first 12 h when the cell numbers were doubled after each generation time. After that, the stationary phase was reached when the number of growth cells was almost equal to that of dead cells. The proliferation of MRSA incubated in the nutrient broth with the

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• observed in the Bode plots for the hydrogel samples tested. At the highest frequencies (104–103 Hz and 104–102 Hz for samples without and with cCB, respectively), a resistive behaviour is observed (Figure 4a), while the phase shift is close to 0° (Figure 4b). For hydrogels containing MCO-cCB, the

• capacitive behaviour starts at 200 Hz, while for samples without cCB, from 2000 Hz. Depending on the sample, the phase angle reaches a maximum of −90° to −65°. The Nyquist plot (Figure 4c) presented similar profiles for all the samples. In the case of samples without cCB and with cCB content not higher than

• Rs corresponds to solution resistance, Rct is related to charge transfer resistance at the interface of the solution and the electrode material, while CPE is a constant phase element, which represents capacitive performance of the electrode. The circuit parameters and their standard deviations were

Josephson dynamics and Shapiro steps at high transmissions: current bias regime

• Artem V. Galaktionov and
• Andrei D. Zaikin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 51–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.5

• , equivalently, ω = (k/n)ωJ, where k and n are positive integer numbers. The values k ≥ 2 correspond to the presence of higher harmonics of the Josephson current emerging because of a possibly non-sinusoidal current–phase relation, whereas the numbers n ≥ 2 account for multiphoton processes, which may become non

• ) equals to one half of the Josephson phase being related to the voltage V(t) across the junction by means of the standard Josephson relation . In order to solve this equation, it will be convenient for us to introduce a dimensionless variable, thereby reducing Equation 5 to The solution φ0(s) of the

• the voltage and the phase variables and averaging the resulting expression for V(t) over time, we immediately recover the I–V curve in the form [3] where In the limit a − 1 ≪ 1, that is, provided the current I just slightly exceeds Ic, this result reduces to a simple formula Verifying the assumption

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• identified works presented results in the clinical phase. Finally, based on our findings, the outlook appears favorable, as there is a significant diversity of new substances with schistosomicidal potential. However, financial efforts are required to advance these nanoformulations. Keywords: delivery system

• classic nanocarriers are not present in SLN, such as lack of biocompatibility, difficulty to produce on a large scale, and high raw material cost [36]. Many methods are used to prepare SLN, and they are divided into (1) high-energy methods, for dispersion of the lipid phase (such as high-pressure

• nanoformulations. This is the only way for the product to advance to the next stages, such as clinical phase. In fact, none of the papers in this work was in clinical trials, reflecting the small number of nanosystems that enter the clinical phase. This probably happens not only because many of these works do not

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• sample and a coherently tilted reference plane wave. The intensity of the hologram can be represented in the form of where Ψi(r) stands for the electron wavefunction in the image plane i with amplitude Ai and phase φi, r is a two-dimensional vector in the sample plane, and q is the two-dimensional

• reciprocal space vector related to the tilt of the reference wave. Note that the phase φi(r) is now separated in the third term inside the cosine; it can be retrieved by taking the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the intensity [24]. The phase shift can then be used to recover the in-plane magnetic

• using the transport of intensity equation. Using off-axis electron holography, we were able to directly measure the phase shift induced by the in-plane magnetization in focus and quantitatively. Using the same parameters as in the LTEM experiment, we kept the tilt angle of the sample constant and