The eNanoMapper database for nanomaterial safety information

• Nina Jeliazkova,
• Charalampos Chomenidis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Bengt Fadeel,
• Roland Grafström,
• Barry Hardy,
• Janna Hastings,
• Markus Hegi,
• Vedrin Jeliazkov,
• Nikolay Kochev,
• Pekka Kohonen,
• Cristian R. Munteanu,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Bart Smeets,
• Pantelis Sopasakis,
• Georgia Tsiliki,
• David Vorgrimmler and
• Egon Willighagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1609–1634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.165

• , modes of action), interactions (cell lines, assays) and a wide variety of measurements. A number of analytic techniques have been proposed and developed to characterise the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, including the commonly used dynamic light scattering to measure the particle size

PLGA nanoparticles as a platform for vitamin D-based cancer therapy

• Maria J. Ramalho,
• Joana A. Loureiro,
• Bárbara Gomes,
• Manuela F. Frasco,
• Manuel A. N. Coelho and
• M. Carmo Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1306–1318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.135

• parameters used to characterize the produced nanoparticles. The size distribution and zeta potential were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS), respectively, using a ZetaSizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). The size distribution was given

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro effects of 7 nm alloyed silver–gold nanoparticles

• Simon Ristig,
• Svitlana Chernousova,
• Wolfgang Meyer-Zaika and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1212–1220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.124

• important factor for subsequent in vitro experiments) was carried out by multiple ultracentrifugation steps. Characterization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV–vis spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS

• size and morphology of the nanoparticles were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). TEM showed that the nanoparticles were nearly monodisperse, quasi-spherical, polycrystalline, and had a uniform diameter

• exchange with PVP. Dynamic light scattering also showed a monomodal particle size distribution without agglomerates. The polydispersity index between 0.1 and 0.3 confirmed a good degree of monodispersity. Note that the hydrodynamic radius, dH, as probed by DLS, is slightly larger (10–12 nm) than the radius

Microwave assisted synthesis and characterisation of a zinc oxide/tobacco mosaic virus hybrid material. An active hybrid semiconductor in a field-effect transistor device

• Shawn Sanctis,
• Rudolf C. Hoffmann,
• Sabine Eiben and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 785–791, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.81

• using Tecnai F20 G20 (FEI) electron microscope working at 200 kV, using lacey carbon coated copper grids. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements for the ZnO suspensions were carried out using a Zetasizer Nano (Malvern). Atomic force microscopy was performed with CP-II (Bruker-Veeco) microscope

• display the optimum conditions leading to the formation of nanocrystalline ZnO. Dynamic light scattering measurements indicate the formation of stable ≈5 nm particles, after a synthesis period of 30 min (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). The indicated particle size is in good agreement with

• light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), grazing incidence X-ray diffractometry (GI-XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). TEM and DLS data confirm the formation of crystalline ZnO nanoparticles tethered on top of the virus template. GI-XRD investigations exhibit an orientated

Pulmonary surfactant augments cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles: Studies on an in vitro air–blood barrier model

• Jennifer Y. Kasper,
• Lisa Feiden,
• Maria I. Hermanns,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Michael Maskos,
• Ronald E. Unger and
• C. James Kirkpatrick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 517–528, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.54

• nanoparticles. Particle size was determined using the method of dynamic light scattering (DLS). Thus, the reported sizes are z-weighted mean values of the hydrodynamic diameter. Particle diameters were measured in cell culture medium (RPMI 1640) and, for reference, in water (containing 2 mmol/L sodium bromide

• highly complex and requires the use of multi-angle dynamic light scattering instrumentation and sophisticated data analysis methods [14]. Therefore, it will not be discussed within the scope of this publication. Alveolar surfactant: Alveofact® is a commercially available (Lyomark Pharma) neonatal

Tailoring the ligand shell for the control of cellular uptake and optical properties of nanocrystals

• Johannes Ostermann,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Christopher Wolter,
• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Hauke Kloust and
• Horst Weller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 232–242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.22

• -b-PEGs in water was investigated and showed the expected behavior depending on the size and block length ratio of the polymer [19]. The analytical data of the used characterization methods like dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence microscopy are summarized in Figure 1. As can be seen from

Caveolin-1 and CDC42 mediated endocytosis of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in HeLa cells

• Nils Bohmer and
• Andreas Jordan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 167–176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.16

• hydrodynamic diameter in physiological environment were measured by dynamic light scattering (Zetasizer, Malvern Instruments Ltd). Due to the synthesis route, often more than one iron core was enclosed during growth of the silica shells. This caused aggregation and therefore the nanoparticle suspensions were

• = dynamic light scattering). Sequences of siRNAs used for transfection with Lipofectamine™ 2000 transfection reagent. siRNA-pools used to transfect HeLa cells (Dharmacon SMARTpool®). Primary antibodies with source and dilution used for detection of target proteins. Acknowledgements The authors would like

The fate of a designed protein corona on nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo

• Denise Bargheer,
• Julius Nielsen,
• Gabriella Gébel,
• Markus Heine,
• Sunhild C. Salmen,
• Roland Stauber,
• Horst Weller,
• Joerg Heeren and
• Peter Nielsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 36–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.5

• measured using the large volume Hamburg whole body radioactivity counter [39]. 125I was measured with an automatic gamma counter (Perkin Elmer 2470 Wizard). DLS measurement Dynamic light scattering of SPIOs or proteins solutions in PBS-buffer was performed using a Malvern Zen1690. In vivo studies All

Intake of silica nanoparticles by giant lipid vesicles: influence of particle size and thermodynamic membrane state

• Florian G. Strobl,
• Florian Seitz,
• Christoph Westerhausen,
• Armin Reller,
• Adriano A. Torrano,
• Christoph Bräuchle,
• Achim Wixforth and
• Matthias F. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2468–2478, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.256

• . This is to prevent osmotic tension of the vesicle membrane at the beginning of an experiment. The colloidal stability of the particles under these conditions was confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Figure 9 describes the easy experimental procedure. Due to the slight density difference between

Proinflammatory and cytotoxic response to nanoparticles in precision-cut lung slices

• Stephanie Hirn,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Matthias Epple,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Markus Rehberg and
• Fritz Krombach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2440–2449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.253

• vitro as well as in vivo assays. Results Particle characterization The mean hydrodynamic diameter of the Ag-NPs as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was 116 nm and the polydispersity index (PDI) was below 0.3 for all measurements. The mean diameter of the metallic core as determined by

Nanoparticle interactions with live cells: Quantitative fluorescence microscopy of nanoparticle size effects

• Li Shang,
• Karin Nienhaus,
• Xiue Jiang,
• Linxiao Yang,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Thomas Simmet and
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2388–2397, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.248

• adsorbed amphiphiles, the anionic surfactant SDS or cetyltrimethylammonium (CTMA) chloride to yield negatively (PS−) and positively (PS+) charged NPs, respectively. The hydrodynamic diameters of these NPs suspended in PBS, pH 7.4, were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) (Table 1). Furthermore

Inorganic Janus particles for biomedical applications

• Isabel Schick,
• Steffen Lorenz,
• Dominik Gehrig,
• Stefan Tenzer,
• Wiebke Storck,
• Karl Fischer,
• Dennis Strand,
• Frédéric Laquai and
• Wolfgang Tremel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.244

• ]. Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society. TEM micrographs of silica encapsulated Janus particles; (a,b) Au@MnO@SiO2 (10@20 nm), and (c,d) Au@Fe3O4@SiO2 (9@15 nm). Dynamic light scattering results of Au (red dots), Au@Fe3O4 (blue dots) dispersed in n-heptane, and Au@Fe3O4@SiO2 (black dots) in water (λ

Nanobioarchitectures based on chlorophyll photopigment, artificial lipid bilayers and carbon nanotubes

• Marcela Elisabeta Barbinta-Patrascu,
• Stefan Marian Iordache,
• Ana Maria Iordache,
• Nicoleta Badea and
• Camelia Ungureanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2316–2325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.240

• . Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements The size of the liposomes represented by the hydrodynamic diameter, Zaverage (the particle diameter plus the double layer thickness) was measured using DLS (Zetasizer Nano ZS, Malvern Instruments Ltd., U.K.) at 25 °C at a scattering angle of 90°. The average

Anticancer efficacy of a supramolecular complex of a 2-diethylaminoethyl–dextran–MMA graft copolymer and paclitaxel used as an artificial enzyme

• Yasuhiko Onishi,
• Yuki Eshita,
• Rui-Cheng Ji,
• Masayasu Onishi,
• Takashi Kobayashi,
• Masaaki Mizuno,
• Jun Yoshida and
• Naoji Kubota

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2293–2307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.238

• measured by dynamic light scattering and particle electrophoretic mobility. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the size and shape of the freeze-dried DDMC/PTX complex (DDMC/PTX5), which revealed that the complex formed uniform cubic particles with a diameter of 200–300 nm

• measured by dynamic light scattering. Particle size determined by SEM was 300–500 nm. The ζ-potential of the particles was +36 mV, which helps to stabilize the dispersion of the DDMC/PTX complex. To investigate the physical properties of these products, thermal and infrared analyses were also performed

• complex. From the above, Figure 3b shows the presence of a large hydrophobic bond in the DDMC/PTX complex. Particle size distribution and ζ-potential The particle size distribution and the ζ-potential of the DDMC/PTX complex were measured by dynamic light scattering and particle electrophoretic mobility

Nanoencapsulation of ultra-small superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide into human serum albumin nanoparticles

• Matthias G. Wacker,
• Mahmut Altinok,
• Stephan Urfels and
• Johann Bauer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2259–2266, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.235

• (TMAH). The positive surface charge of the particles enabled a strong interaction with the negatively charged protein matrix [13] provided by the HSA molecules. Formulation design and characterization of USPIO HSA hybrid particles by dynamic light scattering Nanoparticles were prepared by ethanolic

• desolvation in absence and in presence of USPIO. The particle size and zeta potential observed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements significantly increased with the amount of iron oxide particles present during the desolvation process (ANOVA). Particles with the highest content of iron oxide were

• , polydispersity, and zeta potential were determined by dynamic light scattering using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK). For determination of the zeta potential a Malvern Dip Cell was used. All samples were diluted 1:50 with purified water before the measurement. The nanoparticle content

Influence of stabilising agents and pH on the size of SnO₂ nanoparticles

• Olga Rac,
• Patrycja Suchorska-Woźniak,
• Marta Fiedot and
• Helena Teterycz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2192–2201, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.228

• . Dynamic light scattering (DLS): The diameter distribution of the resulting nanoparticles was determined by DLS. The studies were performed using a Nicomp 380ZLS Particle Sizing System with an excitation wavelength of 532 nm at 50 mW. The frequency of the photon counting was fixed at about 200 kHz, and

• consists of: 8.24 mL of water, 3 mL of PEI Mw = 750 000 with a concentration of 1.0 mol/L, 6.56 mL of Triton X-100 with a concentration of 0.08 mol/L, 0.1 mL of SnCl4 with a concentration of 0.375 mol/L, and 0.21 mL of ammonium hydroxide with a concentration of 0.0714 mol/L. Analysis of the dynamic light

• scattering (DLS) results revealed that in the solution of standard composition, nanoparticles of average diameter of approximately 8 nm are formed (Figure 2). For statistical analysis, a proprietary, high resolution, multimodal deconvolution analysis for proper measurement of the nanoparticle diameter was

Effect of silver nanoparticles on human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

• Christina Sengstock,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Thomas A. Schildhauer and
• Manfred Köller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2058–2069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.214

• atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS, Thermo Electron Corporation, M-Series). The hydrodynamic diameter and the zeta-potential of the dispersed particles were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS. The z-average value was used as the average particle diameter. The

Effects of surface functionalization on the adsorption of human serum albumin onto nanoparticles – a fluorescence correlation spectroscopy study

• Pauline Maffre,
• Stefan Brandholt,
• Karin Nienhaus,
• Li Shang,
• Wolfgang J. Parak and
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2036–2047, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.212

• with other NPs. Results and Discussion QD characterization Hydrodynamic radii, RH, of the differently stabilized QDs, determined by FCS and dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potentials and fluorescence quantum yields (QY) are compiled in Table 1. The polymer-coated QDs were significantly larger than

Electrostatic interplay: The interaction triangle of polyamines, silicic acid, and phosphate studied through turbidity measurements, silicomolybdic acid test, and ²⁹Si NMR spectroscopy

• Anne Jantschke,
• Katrin Spinde and
• Eike Brunner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2026–2035, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.211

• ]. Corresponding in vitro investigations using polyallylamine (in form of polyallylamine hydrochloride, PAH) as a synthetic analogue [15] for native LCPAs revealed that phosphate is capable of inducing the self-assembly of PAH into large aggregates that could be detected by dynamic light scattering (DLS

Data-adaptive image-denoising for detecting and quantifying nanoparticle entry in mucosal tissues through intravital 2-photon microscopy

• Torsten Bölke,
• Lisa Krapf,
• Regina Orzekowsky-Schroeder,
• Tobias Vossmeyer,
• Jelena Dimitrijevic,
• Horst Weller,
• Anna Schüth,
• Antje Klinger,
• Gereon Hüttmann and
• Andreas Gebert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2016–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.210

• a hydrodynamic diameter of ca. 25 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The spectral position of the excitonic emission band was located at ca. 585 nm (FWHM: ca. 32 nm), and the photoluminescence quantum yield was around 20–30%. Setup of the 2-photon microscope Intravital 2PM was done

The impact of the confinement of reactants on the metal distribution in bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized in reverse micelles

• Concha Tojo,
• Elena González and
• Nuria Vila-Romeu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1966–1979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.206

• % tergitol/5% water microemulsion (r = 4 nm as obtained by DLS (dynamic light scattering)). From this radius, and assuming a spherical shape (Vmicelle = 4/3π r3), the molar concentration of a micelle containing 64 atoms is calculated as: where NAv is Avogadro’s number. In order to study the influence of the

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

• triangular particles as byproduct [29]. Figure 2A shows a typical SEM image of our silver nanoparticles. The diameter of the metallic core is about 70 nm. The hydrodynamic diameter as determined through dynamic light scattering is about 120 nm. The polydispersity index (PDI) was lower than 0.3 in all cases

Imaging the intracellular degradation of biodegradable polymer nanoparticles

• Anne-Kathrin Barthel,
• Martin Dass,
• Melanie Dröge,
• Jens-Michael Cramer,
• Daniela Baumann,
• Markus Urban,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.201

• PLLA particles imaged in Figure 3A ranges from 20 to 175 nm. This is in good agreement with the dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement, which yielded an average diameter of 121 nm. The majority of the magnetite nanocrystals are attached to the PLLA particles. Only very few detached magnetite

The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions

• Christoph Bantz,
• Olga Koshkina,
• Thomas Lang,
• Hans-Joachim Galla,
• C. James Kirkpatrick,
• Roland H. Stauber and
• Michael Maskos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1774–1786, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.188

• characterization to investigate the agglomeration behavior under physiological conditions. To combine the benefits of different characterization techniques and to compensate for their respective drawbacks, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation were

• techniques, that is, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), multiangle dynamic light scattering (DLS) and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF-FFF). By combining the strengths of each of the individual techniques, their drawbacks are compensated for and a comprehensive characterization in

• ][22][23]. However, as cryo-TEM investigations require an experienced operator and are both cost- and time-consuming, the method is far from becoming a standard technique. DLS: In dynamic light scattering (DLS), the fluctuations of the intensity of light scattered by a colloidal dispersion are observed

Influence of surface-modified maghemite nanoparticles on in vitro survival of human stem cells

• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Lyubov L. Lukash,
• Tetiana A. Ruban,
• Yurii N. Kolomiets,
• Svitlana P. Shpylova and
• Oksana A. Grypych

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1732–1737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.183

• the modified particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering with regard to morphology, particle size and polydispersity. In vitro survival of human stem cells was then investigated by using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, which showed that D

• . It should be pointed out that the particle size determined by TEM was smaller compared with the size measured by dynamic light scattering. The hydrodynamic size in water was in the range of 50–170 nm. The presence of the coating on the surface of the particles was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy [20