Quantitative wear evaluation of tips based on sharp structures

• Ke Xu and
• Houwen Leng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 230–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.22

• nanotechnology [1][2][3][4][5]. Compared to optical and electron microscopy, AFM enables three-dimensional (3D) measurements of nanostructures in air and liquid environments [6]. The interaction between the tip and sample influences the measurement results of AFM by convoluting the tip topography with the sample

• are currently two primary methods for obtaining the tip morphology, namely microscopic observation and blind reconstruction based on AFM images. Strahlendorff et al. [12] employed a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to evaluate the shape of the probe before and after scanning to determine tip wear

• . Orji et al. [14] utilized a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to image a tip and derived its tapered shape from the TEM image. Electron microscopic observation offers the advantages of high precision and resolution, enabling accurate acquisition of morphological information about the tip. However

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• , ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, BP 5133, 14070, Caen cedex 5, France Electron Microscopy Center, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Vídenská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic 10.3762/bjnano.15.20 Abstract DNA origami nanostructures are emerging as a bottom-up

• method for nanofabrication such as FIB, which also happens to cover the low-energy interaction regime. The method is widely available as a complement to scanning electron microscopes. Focused ion beams allow for both subtractive and additive nanoscale manufacturing [31] and can also be used for chemical

• was set to 2.5 × 108 ions·cm−2·s−1. The ion flux was deduced from the measurement of the beam intensity using a detector based on secondary electron emission from a thin Fe foil placed inside the IRABAT vacuum chamber which allows for online monitoring during the irradiation of the samples. This

Exploring disorder correlations in superconducting systems: spectroscopic insights and matrix element effects

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander E. Lukyanov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov,
• Boris G. Lvov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 199–206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.19

• to model the s-wave Cooper pairing [51][52], Here, the particle number operators at site i are expressed through the electron operators with spin σ. The tunneling amplitude tij = −t is assumed nonzero only for the nearest sites, μ denotes the chemical potential, Vi is the disorder potential, and g

• ][64]. Additionally, we determine the chemical potential μ from the condition that the average electron density ne is fixed. In the calculations, we choose ne = 0.875. This is quite far from the half-filling condition ne = 1, at which a singular van Hove singularity appears in the DOS in the middle of

• superconducting grains with correlated disorder necessitates a comprehension of single-electron wave function behavior within a disorder potential. This analysis is rooted in the Anderson approximation solution of the BdG equations, wherein quasiparticle wave functions are proportional to single-particle wave

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• processes using the so-called focused electron-beam-induced etching (FEBIE), with a spatial resolution of ten nanometers. Nanopatterning graphene with such a method in one single step and without using a physical mask or resist is a very appealing approach. During the process, on top of graphene

• nanopatterning, we have found significant morphological changes induced in the SiO2 substrate even at low electron dose values (<8 nC/μm2). We demonstrate that graphene etching and topographical changes in SiO2 substrates can be controlled via electron beam parameters such as dwell time and dose. Keywords

• : direct writing; dwell time; electron dose; etching; graphene; maskless lithography; nanopatterning; Introduction The discovery of extraordinary and controllable electrical conductivity in graphene back in 2004 made it the most recognized 2D material [1]. The newly discovered phenomena, such as

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• were performed in both 0.1× PBS (13.7 mM of NaCl, 0.27 mM of KCl, 1 mM of Na2HPO4, and 0.18 mM of KH2PO4, pH 7.4) and animal cell culture media containing DMEM and 10% FBS. Scanning electron microscopy For scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiments, 10 μL of F127-folate@NP was loaded on the silica

Modification of graphene oxide and its effect on properties of natural rubber/graphene oxide nanocomposites

• Nghiem Thi Thuong,
• Le Dinh Quang,
• Vu Quoc Cuong,
• Cao Hong Ha,
• Nguyen Ba Lam and
• Seiichi Kawahara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 168–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.16

• characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The XRD results showed the appearance of an amorphous region of silica particles at a diffraction angle of 22°. The formation of silica was

• gravimetric analysis (TGA) of the samples was performed on a TA Q500 instrument. The temperature was increased at a heating rate of 10 °C /min from room temperature to 900 °C in air atmosphere. The morphology of the DPNR/GO-VTES was observed with field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) performed

• efficiently attached to GO, and the attachment was more efficient in basic conditions rather than acidic conditions. Scanning electron microscopy images Figure 8 shows SEM images for GO-VTES(a) and GO-VTES(b). As can be seen, silica was produced with a size of approx. 50 nm for GO-VTES(a) and GO-VTES(b). It

Ferromagnetic resonance spectra of linear magnetosome chains

• Elizaveta M. Gubanova and
• Nikolai A. Usov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.15

• number of nanoparticles and type of chain anisotropy accepted makes it possible to obtain statistically significant results for the magnetic susceptibility of a dilute assembly of linear chains. Results and Discussion An analysis of transmission electron microscope (TEM) images [1][2][8][38][39] shows a

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• nanodot applications include quantum performance enrichment for diodes [15][16], memory devices [17][18], transistors [19][20], and solar cells. They are also widely used in biological applications [21][22][23]. QDs have been used in various functions of solar cells, including electron- or hole

• , the effect of quantum dots in the spectrum is not apparent, indicating that the transitions in the mixture are quenched. This suppression is a result of energy transfer, which necessitates electron clouds of atoms or chemical groups to exhibit overlapping regions. During energy transfer, an electron

• combinations as part of the donor:acceptor blend is prompted by singlet excitons. This increases the electron transfer current, leading to higher efficiency. By incorporating quantum dots into active layers, the following effects were observed: boosted exciton formation, minimized interface charge

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• effective thickness below 300 nm could be produced with a few nanometers accuracy using single-crystal aluminum substrates. The results were confirmed using spectroscopic ellipsometry. The method for controlling the thickness during anodization eliminates the necessity of sample sectioning for electron

• anodization were confirmed using post-production spectroscopic ellipsometry, showing 1–2 nm variation (standard deviation) within each sample. The process is inherently non-invasive and eliminates the need for slicing the sample to measure thickness, as one might do with electron microscopy, for instance

• materials in phase 2. A simulated annealing fitting algorithm was employed. The PAAO structure (Figure 1a) was confirmed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM-4800, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). The relationship between thickness measurements using SEM and optical interferometry has been

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of ZnO NPs (70 nm) on R. sativus grown in coir was evaluated. The application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in soluble protein content, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), chlorophyll b

• synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized via several techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, solid-UV–vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then the potential phytotoxicity of the synthesized ZnO NPs

• absorption peak below 400 nm due to the nanometric size effect of the synthesized ZnO and characteristic hexagonal ZnO NPs [32]. A broad band at 362 nm in the UV–vis spectrum was reported, indicating the formation of ZnO NPs, and it could be due to an electron transfer from the valence to the conduction band

Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti

• Jonatas L. Duarte,
• Leonardo Delello Di Filippo,
• Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira,
• Rafael Miguel Sábio,
• Gabriel Davi Marena,
• Tais Maria Bauab,
• Cristiane Duque,
• Vincent Corbel and
• Marlus Chorilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10

• aqueous media [37]. According to NTA measurements, the Cym-NE particle size was 145.7 ± 7.7 nm, while the Myr-NE particle size was 126.4 ± 5.6 nm, confirming the nanometric droplet size. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) is one of the most

• deviation. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy The nanoemulsions were mounted onto a copper grid with lacy carbon film (300 mesh). The acquisition was carried out with a MET Talos Arctica G2 apparatus. In vitro terpene release profile The in vitro release assays were conducted assuring sink

• ), solvent control (5% ethanol, SC), and NE control (Cym-B and Myr-B). Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy of (A) Cym-NE and (B) Myr-NE. The in vitro drug release of nanoemulsions (Cym-NE, Myr-NE) and free terpenes (Cym-Sol and Myr-Sol). Kaplan–Meier survival curve of G. mellonella exposed to (A) Cym

New application of bimetallic Ag/Pt nanoplates in a colorimetric biosensor for specific detection of E. coli in water

• Azam Bagheri Pebdeni,
• Mohammad N. AL-Baiati and
• Morteza Hosseini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 95–103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.9

• E. coli was successfully detected using the developed colorimetric sensor. The sensor offers a straightforward, sensitive, and dependable method for detecting pathogens and ensuring water safety. Results and Discussion Characterization of Ag/Pt NPL and apt-NPL Field-emission scanning electron

• lambda 25 UV–vis spectrometer was employed for UV–vis absorption measurement in the range of 200–800 nm. The morphology and shape of NPLs were studied using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (Supra 400VP, Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Dynamic light scattering experiments were carried out at

Study of the reusability and stability of nylon nanofibres as an antibody immobilisation surface

• Inés Peraile,
• Matilde Gil-García,
• Laura González-López,
• Nushin A. Dabbagh-Escalante,
• Juan C. Cabria-Ramos and
• Paloma Lorenzo-Lozano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.8

• immunocapture system in NF and 96-well microplate, for each time: ***p < 0.001. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy image of NFs. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the whole team at Nieves Murillo of TECNALIA – Industry and Transport Division for providing the nylon NFs. Funding These results

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Figure 1). The BBR powder appeared as aggregates of rods in the micrometer size (Figure 1a), while BBR NPs were formed as nanoscale rectangles (Figure 1b). The electrospun PLA nanofibers showed bead-free and uniform morphology with fiber diameter in the range

• conducted for 6 h to obtain the PLA, BBR/PLA, and BBR NPs/PLA nanofiber scaffolds. Characterization of prepared scaffolds The morphology of PLA and BBR-loaded PLA nanofiber scaffolds was observed by a scanning electron microscope (JSM-6510LV). Fiber diameters were measured from the SEM images by using the

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• structures were examined in terms of their morphology, electrical properties, and catalytic layers in the OER process. Results and Discussion Characterisation of hydrogel-based polymer composites with dispersed catalytic and conductive particles Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of hydrogel samples

• particles dispersed inside the structure of the hydrogel (75–90 mV/dec) (Figure 5c). Depending on the potential applied and the process condition, the water oxidation could be a one to four electron transfer process [57][58]. Tafel slope values in the range of 75–90 mV·dec−1 represent a possible mixed

• mechanism (two or three electron transfer processes), with a strong influence of two electron transfers. Comparing the value of the Tafel slope of the hydrogel composite containing MCO and cCB particles with the Tafel slope of pure hydrogel (141 mV·dec−1), it is visible that the addition of the catalyst

Josephson dynamics and Shapiro steps at high transmissions: current bias regime

• Artem V. Galaktionov and
• Andrei D. Zaikin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 51–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.5

• junctions is the presence of coherent current oscillations with the fundamental frequency ωJ = 2 eV/ℏ, where V is the voltage applied to the junction and −e is the electron charge. Under the influence of external microwave radiation with frequency ω, current jumps appear on the junction I–V curve, which are

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• when treated by both nanoandi and nanocopa. Moreover, there was a decrease in lesion size and parasite load from the liver and spleen of mice treated with NE. In ultrastructural analysis performed by scanning electron microscopy, it was possible to observe morphological changes, oval aspect, and

Measurements of dichroic bow-tie antenna arrays with integrated cold-electron bolometers using YBCO oscillators

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Viktor O. Zbrozhek,
• Andrey V. Samartsev,
• Anastasia N. Orlova,
• Dmitry V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Victoria Yu. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Silvia Masi and
• Paolo de Bernardis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 26–36, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.3

• We consider properties of dichroic antenna arrays on a silicon substrate with integrated cold-electron bolometers to detect radiation at frequencies of 210 and 240 GHz. This frequency range is widely used in cosmic microwave background experiments in space, balloon, and ground-based missions such as

• BICEP Array, LSPE, LiteBIRD, QUBIC, Simons Observatory, and AliCPT. As a direct radiation detector, we use cold-electron bolometers, which have high sensitivity and a wide operating frequency range, as well as immunity to spurious cosmic rays. Their other advantages are the compact size of the order of

• a few micrometers and the effect of direct electron cooling, which can improve sensitivity in typical closed-loop cycle 3He cryostats for space applications. We study a novel concept of cold-electron bolometers with two SIN tunnel junctions and one SN contact. The amplitude–frequency characteristics

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• Abstract We have prepared ferromagnetic nanostructures intended for the investigation of high-frequency magnetization dynamics in permalloy (Py) nanodisks using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM) and electron holography. Py nanodisks were fabricated on thin silicon nitride (SiN) membranes

• using three different fabrication methods: lift-off, ion beam etching (IBE), and stencil lithography. They were further analyzed using different instruments, including scanning electron microscopy, LTEM, and electron holography. A bilayer of positive PMMA resist was utilized in the first fabrication

• method to form an undercut structure that guarantees a clean lift-off procedure. The second approach used dry etching with an Ar beam to etch a thin Py film, while an electron-beam-patterned negative resist mask kept the desired structure. In the third process, nanostencils (shadow masks) with

Determination of the radii of coated and uncoated silicon AFM sharp tips using a height calibration standard grating and a nonlinear regression function

• Perawat Boonpuek and
• Jonathan R. Felts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1200–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.99

• relation to the PSD were collected to observe the tip blunting behavior. The quantitative determination of the tip radii compared to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the tips showed corresponding results between the blunted tips and the PSD curves, concluding that blunter tips produced a

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany Carl Zeiss SMT GmbH, 64380 Roßdorf, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.14.98 Abstract Motivated by the potential of focused-electron-beam-induced deposition (FEBID) in the

• fabrication of functional gold nanostructures for application in plasmonic and detector technology, we conducted a comprehensive study on [Au(CH3)2Cl]2 as a potential precursor for such depositions. Fundamental electron-induced dissociation processes were studied under single collision conditions, and the

• removed per dissociative ionization incident. On the other hand, in dissociative electron attachment, no chlorine was removed from the parent molecule. Contrary to these observations, FEBID in the UHV setup was found to yield a quantitative loss and desorption of the chlorine from the deposits, an effect

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• fabrication. For instance, traditional techniques, such as electron-beam lithography, laser writing, and cleanroom photolithography, have flexibility in design but require costly equipment [13][14]. Relatively cheaper techniques, such as anodization, electroplating, and electrospinning, are limited by the

• Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images (Figure 1C–E) confirm the featureless surface of flat PU and the ordered arrays of nanopillars and nanoholes on the nanopatterned films. For the PU nanopillar substrate, some short pillars occassionally appeared (Figure 1D

• .) (B) Replication of nanostructures on PU. (C–E) Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of PU flat (C), nanopillar (D), and nanohole (E) substrates, with corresponding high-magnification images (insets). (Yellow arrowheads in (D) indicate smaller nanopillars. See further discussion in the text.) (F–H

A multi-resistance wide-range calibration sample for conductive probe atomic force microscopy measurements

• François Piquemal,
• Khaled Kaja,
• Pascal Chrétien,
• José Morán-Meza,
• Frédéric Houzé,
• Christian Ulysse and
• Abdelmounaim Harouri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1141–1148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.94

• standard photolithography, using a mask aligner (MA6, Karl Suss, Germany), and conventional deposition techniques. Following a resist (about 1 µm thick) development process, a 2 inch diameter wafer was placed in a vacuum chamber for electron beam deposition of a 200 nm thick titanium/gold layer

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• Instruments Ltd., Malvern, UK) at 25 °C. The suspensions of the MPs were diluted to the appropriate concentration with PBS, pH 7.4 (conductivity 18 mS/cm). The size and zeta potential values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation of at least three repeated measurements. Scanning electron microscopy The

Sulfur nanocomposites with insecticidal effect for the control of Bactericera cockerelli

• Lany S. Araujo-Yépez,
• Juan O. Tigrero-Salas,
• Vicente A. Delgado-Rodríguez,
• Vladimir A. Aguirre-Yela and
• Josué N. Villota-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1106–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.91

• rosemary essential oils with the three concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%. The samples were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The insecticidal efficacy of the nanocomposites was evaluated

• eucalyptus and rosemary at different concentrations. Characterizations were carried out through UV–visible spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); also the insecticidal efficacy of the NCMPs for the control of

• stabilizing agent. Characterization techniques and equipment UV–visible spectroscopy was performed on an Analytik Jena SPECORD® S 600 spectrophotometer. Size and morphology of the SNPs were determined using an FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit Twin transmission electron microscope. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy