Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

• Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics model, expressed by the following equation: The PD reaction rate constant, k, is the slope of Figure 7a. By plotting −ln(Ct/Co) as a function of t, it was observed that the oxidation of MB using the photocatalyst was well-fitted with the pseudo first-order reaction kinetics

• model [38]. Our results show a PD rate constant of 6.1 × 10−3 min−1 and 3.3 × 10−3 min−1 achieved by WS2 and MoS2, respectively. To evaluate the cyclability of our photocatalysts, we have conducted four consecutive PD runs. After each cycle (3 h), the MB dye solution was replaced with a fresh one to

• –Hinshelwood kinetics model as previously explained. Our results show a PD rate constant of 5.97 × 10−3 min−1 and 5.22 × 10−3 min−1 achieved under sunlight and solar simulator, respectively, as shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S6 and Figure S7). Generally, the photodegradation of organic

Synthesis of silver–palladium Janus nanoparticles using co-sputtering of independent sources: experimental and theorical study

• Maria J. Martínez-Carreón,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Abel Fundora,
• Claudio D. Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Sergio Mejía-Rosales,
• Hector N. Fernández-Escamilla,
• Jonathan Guerrero-Sánchez,
• Manuel F. Meléndrez and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 808–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.67

• 34,467 atoms arranged in a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice. The atoms of one region of the particle were identified as Ag, while the other region was made of Pd. The model particles underwent a thermalization process with a molecular dynamics (MD) run in the canonical ensemble, at a temperature of 300

• validates the condensed gas technique for obtaining BNPs. As an aid for the interpretation of the experimental TEM micrographs, a set of simulated micrographs of model Janus particles were generated. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show that the BNPs consist of two distinct regions, differing from each other in

• intensity and atomic lattice. The crystal structures of Ag and Pd are quite similar; both elements are fcc with almost the same atomic mass, but their atomic radii differ by about 12%. We built a model of Janus particles formed by an fcc spherical volume where a Pd region partially covers an Ag region and

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• Table 1. Electrospinning The PSI/DMF/salt solutions were placed in a syringe pump (NE-500 model, New Era Pump Systems, Inc., USA), and the flow rate was adjusted between 0.4 and 0.5 mL/h. In every case, the scaffolds were made from 1 mL of the solutions. The fibers were collected on an aluminum foil

• , which was placed on a slow rotary drum (10 rpm). The distance between the needle of the syringe and the collector was 15 cm in all cases. The applied voltages (direct current power supply, ES 30 Model, Gamma High Voltage Inc., USA) and flow rates are in Table 1. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

• the samples were measured in a microplate reader (model 3550, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Japan) at 450 nm. A reference wavelength of 655 nm was also used. The statistical analysis of the relative cell viability values was done using one-way ANOVA in the GraphPad Prism 8.0.1 software (GraphPad Inc., USA

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• , consequently, affect the measured height. To investigate this phenomenon, we conduct measurements on monolayer flakes of co-deposited graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. Subsequently, we introduce a general model that elucidates our observations. This approach offers valuable insights into the dynamics

• identify, in addition to the previously described interactions, an additional contribution to the tip–sample interaction due to the movement of charges on the surface induced by the oscillating tip. To understand and quantify this mechanism, we have proposed a very general model that solves Maxwell’s

• surface between two media. In a previous work, we studied the tip-less case, which we will use as the starting point for our model. Here, we just summarize the main aspects and refer to [78] for further details. Then, we include the tip influence by adding the appropriate boundary condition, which is time

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• saturation. Multiple measurements (at least three) were performed for each sample to ensure reliable and accurate measurements. A quartz cell with a 1 cm path length was used for the DLS measurements using a Malvern Zeta-sizer equipment model 7.2. Raman spectroscopy for all samples was performed in a Horiba

• value of the reaction mixture was kept constant during the test (pH 7). To initiate the catalytic process, each CQD sample was individually applied to the degradation of the MB dye. The UV–vis absorption spectrum of the dye was monitored using a spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific Evolution model 220

• catalytic activity with each of the obtained samples, the curves were first fitted using the calculation of the reaction rate with the pseudo-first-order method. The calculation of the reaction rate constant can be performed using the first-order kinetic model. The first-order rate equation is given by

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• krypton–carbon interaction potential [41] and the default surface binding model. For silicon atoms, both in chemically pure silicon and in silicon dioxide, the surface binding energy was set equal to 4.72 eV, while an oxygen surface binding energy of 2.58 eV was chosen according to [40]. The number of

Reduced subthreshold swing in a vertical tunnel FET using a low-work-function live metal strip and a low-k material at the drain

• Kalai Selvi Kanagarajan and
• Dhanalakshmi Krishnan Sadhasivan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 713–718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.59

• previously published model, the proposed design uses a low-k material in the drain region to reduce Cgd. A metal strip with low work function placed at the source–channel interface causes an abrupt change in electron concentration, increasing the tunneling rate [14][15][16][17][18]. Molybdenum, used here as

• compared to the VTFET in [12] to demonstrate the effects of the low-work-function live strip and the low-k material. The device parameters used are listed in Table 1. Reference [12] used bandgap narrowing, Shockley–Read–Hall recombination, Lombardi's mobility model, and band-to-band (non-local) modeling

• Spacer) The proposed model VTFET with DLWLS + spacer is compared with the previously published work [12]. The Id vs Vgs curve of the model proposed here is better in terms of leakage current as illustrated in Figure 6. The off-current of the proposed model is 1.40 × 10−17 A/μm, while that of the model in

Elastic modulus of β-Ga₂O₃ nanowires measured by resonance and three-point bending techniques

• Annamarija Trausa,
• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Tauno Tiirats,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Boris Polyakov and
• Edgars Butanovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 704–712, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.58

• these different methods arise from multiple factors. For instance, different NW growth mechanisms and sensitive synthesis conditions, their structural and geometrical variations, beam theory model validity, and the resolution of microscopy techniques leading to inaccurate measurements of the NW

Enhancing higher-order modal response in multifrequency atomic force microscopy with a coupled cantilever system

• Wendong Sun,
• Jianqiang Qian,
• Yingzi Li,
• Yanan Chen,
• Zhipeng Dou,
• Rui Lin,
• Peng Cheng,
• Xiaodong Gao,
• Quan Yuan and
• Yifan Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.57

• traditional rectangular cantilever is weaker in air, which affects the sensitivity of multifrequency AFM detection. To address this issue, we previously proposed a bridge/cantilever coupled system model to enhance the higher-order modal response of the cantilever. This model is simpler and less costly than

• performance of the coupled system with that of traditional cantilevers and quantify the enhancement in higher-order modal response. Also, the optimal conditions for the enhancement of macroscale cantilever modal response are explored. Additionally, we also supplement the characteristics of this model

• micromachining the cantilever, which is costly and complex. To develop a simpler method to enhance the higher-order modal response of cantilever, we previously proposed a model based on a bridge/cantilever coupled system [19]. The model divides the rectangular cantilever into two parts, namely, the left clamped

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• as water and even aqueous solutes. Thus, this model formed the basis that enabled the derivation of yield functions for a variety of direct electron-mediated DNA damage pathways and indirect damage by •OH radicals resulting from laser and electron interactions with water [85]. In general, LSPC in

• colloidal Pt solution [138]. The chemical processes leading to the formation of polyynes are still not fully understood, but a few models have been proposed over the years. Tsuji et al. proposed a model for ns-LAL. They suggested a stepwise growth of hydrogen-capped polyynes by the addition of carbon

• result in higher carbon shell thicknesses for larger nanoparticles due to the decrease in surface-to-volume ratios of the nanoparticles [104][149]. Reichenberger et al. proposed a model formula (Equation 1) for the ablation in acetone to calculate the volume-specific nanoparticle surface area SNP and the

Stiffness calibration of qPlus sensors at low temperature through thermal noise measurements

• Laurent Nony,
• Sylvain Clair,
• Daniel Uehli,
• Aitziber Herrero,
• Jean-Marc Themlin,
• Andrea Campos,
• Franck Para,
• Alessandro Pioda and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 580–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.50

• files support our framework. They contain important results from the literature and are organized to help the reader to follow our developments. Supporting Information File 1 reminds the most salient results of the Euler–Bernoulli model and how it sustains the point-mass SHO equivalence. Supporting

• qPlus sensor. The discussion is restricted to probes with a rectangular cross section (length l, thickness t, width w are such that l ≫ t and l ≫ w) treated in the Euler–Bernoulli model of the embedded beam, extensively detailed, for example, in [35] (cf. also Supporting Information File 1). The

• surrounding the probe [38], if described in the model, plays no role. Following Burnham’s classification [40], we essentially focus on two categories of non-destructive calibration methods, referred to as “geometric” and “thermal” methods. Geometric methods Geometric methods permit to calculate the stiffness

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• release from CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs in the simulated TME. Drug release kinetics model fitting was also performed. The Higuchi, Ritger–Peppas, zero-order, and first-order methods were used to fit the experimental data, and R2 and release constants were calculated, as shown in Table 1. Among them, the Higuchi

• model has the highest degree of fitting with the release of NFs in different simulated environments within 72 h, which indicates conformity with the Fick diffusion mechanism. Meanwhile, we found that RF heating does not affect the release kinetics model. Ritger–Peppas is a semiempirical model, and n is

• an indicator of the drug release mechanism, where n ≤ 0.45 represents the Fick diffusion. The n values calculated in this study are all less than 0.45, indicating that the CUR release from NFs is in accordance with the Fick diffusion. Similarly, the Higuchi model has the highest degree of fitting

Directed growth of quinacridone chains on the vicinal Ag(35 1 1) surface

• Niklas Humberg,
• Lukas Grönwoldt and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 556–568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.48

• found a hole mobility of 0.1 cm2·V−1·s−1 and a photocurrent of about 1 mA·cm−2. These observations were both attributed to a close packing of the molecules due to strong intermolecular H-bonds. The empirical formula of QA is C20H12N2O2, and a structural formula and a hard-sphere model of QA are

• chains across the steps, we propose the following model: We note that, because of the specific orientation and size of the molecules, the distance between the ends of the chains and the step edge can vary by one Ag(100) lattice constant (aAg(100) = 2.89 Å [31]). This is illustrated by the two models in

• orientation will be labeled E from now on. It does not occur on the nominally flat Ag(100) surface. This indicates that, on large terraces, the orientation E is less favorable than A–D, but it is stabilized by the step edges of the vicinal surface. A model of a chain with orientation E is illustrated in

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• list NDD or NP labels. Consequently, the resulting model cannot predict multioutput properties and/or labels such as different organisms or cell lines [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. Sizochenko et al. reported a new methodology for NP safety estimation in different organisms [38

• theory (PT) + machine learning (ML) algorithm [40]. In recent investigations, the IFPTML model has shown to be a powerful tool in molecular sciences and NDD research for the analysis of big datasets that include both structural and non-structural parameters. Application examples are drug screening

• , protein targeting, the prediction of coated-NP drug release systems [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49], multitarget networks of neuroprotective compounds for a theoretical study of new asymmetric 1,2-rasagiline carbamates [50], a TOPS-MODE model of multiplexing neuroprotective effects of drugs, an

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• -8 levels by, respectively, 75% and 65% in the mild and by, respectively, 60% and 40% in the pronounced inflammation model. This is the first report showing that the endocytosis of nanoARC-Chol(ALN) by HUVECs magnifies the anti-inflammatory activity of ALN even under conditions of intense irritation

• /II. We observed here that nanoARC(ALN) was much less cytotoxic for THP-1 macrophages than for J774A1 cells, probably, because the expression of SRA1 in THP-1 macrophages (and subsequent internalization) is reported to be lower than in J774A1 macrophages [43]. Co-cultures Mild inflammation model The

• IL-8 levels in either compartment (Figure 9). nanoARC-Chol(ALN) caused a slight decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROSs) in macrophages (Figure 10A). Pronounced inflammation model The previous crosstalk induced mild levels of IL-6 and IL-8 on the apical side with HUVECs (Supporting Information File

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• cryo-EBID, we focus on scenario A as model for the evaluation of the resulting deposits. However, this ideal situation is, again, very likely not exactly fulfilled so that only trends can be derived from the analysis. Based on the assumption of a homogeneous overlayer, the attenuation of the TaNNN

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• /GQDs nanoparticles. Magnetic properties, morphology, structure, and fluorescence of the nanocomposites were studied, and the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue as a dye model and the mechanism of methylene degradation were also addressed. Experimental Materials Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate

• first-order kinetic model is widely employed to assess the kinetic data of photocatalytic degradation. This model is as follows: where Ct and C0 are the MB concentration at the beginning and at the time t, respectively; k1 is the first-order kinetic rate constant. The slope of the linear plot of vs t

Superconducting spin valve effect in Co/Pb/Co heterostructures with insulating interlayers

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Nadir N. Garif’yanov,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Alexander S. Osin,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 457–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.41

• applications in modern superconducting spintronics [18][19][20][21][22]. In 1997, Beasley and coworkers proposed a theoretical F1/F2/S model of the SSV structure [1]. Another F1/S/F2 model was developed a little later in 1999 by Tagirov [2] and Buzdin and coworkers [3]. In these structures, F1 and F2 are

• the same time, the quantitative agreement between theory and experiment is not good, as expected. The same is true in the case of the dependence plotted in the inset to Figure 4. The theoretical model predicts a sharp decline in Tc at a dPb value close to 40 nm, but the measurements suggest a

• smoother dependence of the critical temperature, possibly extending to lower temperatures. The model also suggests an asymmetric peak in ΔTc(dPb), whereas a more symmetric peak is observed in Figure 3 (at the same time, the left side of the peak is steeper than the right one both in theory and in

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• , which was not indicated by a simple model based on etching. An analytical model was developed to include continued etching once the deposit has been removed at the exposed pixel. At this stage the secondary electrons from the substrate then cause the adsorbed water molecules to become effective in

• explained, based on a simple model of the physics involved. Then experimental results are presented, which are quite surprising and call for an extension of the simple model. A more advanced model simulating the FEBIE-assisted sidewall modification is proposed. The simulation results are shown to be in good

• Gaussian sidewalls. Also shown, as a negative Gaussian function, is the etching profile resulting from a point exposure. Note that this is just a two-dimensional model, that is, it represents the cross section of the line and it has zero length in the perpendicular direction. When FEBIE is applied to the

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• ) experiments were performed to study the effect of heat treatment on the inner structure of NWs. Two transmission electron microscopes (Tecnai GF20, FEI and JEOL microscope, model ARM-200F) were used at a 200 kV acceleration voltage. Simulations The extent and distribution of mechanical stresses induced by

• stresses in the middle of the suspended part (up to 1 × 109 N/m2). In this simplified idealistic model, the contact between a NW and Si is absolutely rigid, preventing any slippage or plastic deformation at the interface. Moreover, FEM simulations do not include possible rearrangement of atoms that can

• occur in the real system as a mechanism of stress mitigation. The model is completely elastic, and the simulated processes are fully reversible. Therefore, the results of FEM simulations should only be treated as a simplified qualitative illustration of the thermomechanical processes that may occur in

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• and increased the survival rate of cells under high H2O2 concentration. In vivo results of another experiment demonstrated the ROS scavenging ability of Au@Cu2O heterostructures in a zebrafish model, which is an organism with morphological and physiological functions similar to those of humans [48

• between cerium(IV) and cerium(III). SOD activity immobilized through cross-linking on a Zr framework (SOD-ZrMOF) demonstrates effective scavenging of ROS and inhibition of oxidative stress. A prolonged investigation using an animal model of acute myocardial infarction revealed that SOD-ZrMOF has the

Insect attachment on waxy plant surfaces: the effect of pad contamination by different waxes

• Elena V. Gorb and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 385–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.35

• wax coverage were collected near Jagotyn (Kyiv District, Ukraine; 50° 15′ 25″ N, 31° 46′ 54″ E) and used fresh in the force tests. Insect The leaf beetle C. fastuosa served as a model insect species in this study because it has been used in previous relevant experimental studies on insect attachment

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• strain within the grains remains constant even though the externally applied strain increased to ca. 0.4%. In an attempt to model piezoresistance in NCG, we have used the tunneling + destruction model for composite materials [24]: The model with five free parameters was fitted to the data as shown in

• Figure 2c, and the fit parameters are given in Table 1. The model was initially given for a matrix in which conducting particles are dispersed in a polymer matrix and are separated by tunnel junctions. In this model, the conductivity in the film is determined by the number of conductive paths, N, and the

• tunneling distance, d. The model has been used to explain the piezoresistance for several composite materials [29][30]. Zhao et al. [24] used the model to explain the piezoresistance in nanographene films, although the material is comparable to ours and not a composite material in the original sense. NCG

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• processes (i.e., thermal diffusion and ion-induced diffusion) [32]. This approach is based on the linear cascade model and Gaussian approximation of energy distribution as developed by Sigmund [26] to describe ion–atom collisions inside the target. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) studies in the

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• oscillatory manner by the magnetic field in the nanowire-based devices. We present a toy model to qualitatively explain these observations. Keywords: AAO template; critical current; multilayered magnetic nanowires; spin-transfer torque; three-dimensional devices; Introduction Spin-transfer torque (STT) has

• the applied magnetic field [28][33]. To our knowledge, this oscillatory behavior of the critical currents in multilayer nanowire arrays is rarely reported. To phenomenologically interpret the nonmonotonous changes of the critical currents, we propose a model system consisting of five adjacent layers

• (one fixed layer, two free layers, and two spacer layers) as shown in Figure 4. With this model we qualitatively explain how one period of the Ic+ modulation is formed. As shown in Figure 4, the NiCu layers are labelled as layer 1 to layer 3 from top to bottom. As discussed above, layer 1 is the fixed