Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• of their unique properties. However, their size, surface area, and reactivity can cause toxicity, potentially leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular or DNA damage. In this study, a nano-quantitative structure–toxicity relationship (nano-QSTR) model was initially developed to assess

• ; Introduction Nanomaterials, which are defined as materials that fall in the range of 1–100 nanometers two-dimensionally, are commonly used in the fields of biomedicine, catalysis, and electricity because of their stable and unique performance, small size, and large surface area [1]. Nanomaterials encompass a

• of an element. In the context of nanoparticles, the size of the metal atoms directly affects the overall size and surface area of the nanoparticles, which are critical factors in their reactivity and interaction with other materials. The ionic radius is essential for understanding the metal’s

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• forces generated charge carriers to move in opposite directions and suppresses charge recombination. Besides, surface morphology and optical properties of the the p–n TiO2/SiNWs catalyst are also beneficial for the photocatalytic activity. It is expected that the results of this study will provide

• configuration advantages [34][35][36]. However, the wetness impregnation synthesis of those powder co-catalysts faces the issues of low surface area, low reproducibility, and difficult control of large-scale production. Therefore, the development of novel catalysts with unique morphologies by using precise

• tools is extremely essential and important [37][38][39]. Herein, we constructed a robust p–n junction catalyst by atomic layer deposition (ALD) of TiO2 thin films on a p-type SiNW substrate for enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency in CH4 oxidation. Pristine p-Si wafers have limited surface area and

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

• Daniel Rothhardt,
• Amina Kimouche,
• Tillmann Klamroth and
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

• difference (LCPD) between a probe tip and a surface, related to the work function. Here we use this technique to map the LCPD of graphene nanoribbons grown on a Au(111) substrate. The LCPD data shows charge transfer between the graphene nanoribbons and the gold substrate. Our results are corroborated with

• bandgap [12], which is also related to the work function. GNRs can be synthesized with atomic precision in an ultrahigh-vacuum environment using on-surface synthesis [13]. This synthesis is well known on coinage metals, namely, Cu, Ag, and Au, which possess a high electron density. To study these unique

• difference of graphene nanoribbons fabricated by on-surface synthesis on Au(111). The GNRs can be clearly discerned from the substrate through their topography, but also through their contact potential difference. GNRs have a measured contact potential that is about 100 meV smaller than that of a Au

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• the growth of silver particles on the surface. While these effects complicate the application for 3D printing, the unique deposit structure with a thin, compact silver film beneath the deposit body is interesting from a fundamental point of view and may offer additional opportunities for applications

• challenges in device design and fabrication. Accordingly, various methods to improve purity during [15][16][17][18] or after deposition [18][19][20][21][22] were developed. For plasmonic applications, a metallic surface layer with a thickness exceeding the skin depth is sufficient to obtain the desired

• expense of a reduced shape fidelity [9]. This is also true for the recently established direct electron beam writing of silver, which demonstrated high purities of up to 74 atom % [27] but with large surface roughness and low vertical growth rates [28][29][30]. For silver, only few solid metalorganic

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• application of nanoscale systems with unique physicochemical properties, including small size, large specific surface area, high reactivity, and quantum effects of the nanoparticles (NPs) [1][2]. Nanomedicine is specifically designated for therapeutics (drug delivery), diagnostics, and imaging, as well as for

• impermeable basal lamina allow for rapid accumulation of NPs in the liver through passive targeting [24]. Complementing certain anatomic or pathophysiological features of the target organ, such passive accumulation also relies on nanoparticle properties including size, shape, surface charge, and

• dynamic endothelial fenestrations to reach HSCs in the perisinusoidal space or even hepatocytes [24][29]. Smaller nanocarriers (10–20 nm) can be taken up rapidly by hepatocytes [32]. Besides the size of the administered nanocarriers, surface properties also play an important role in dictating

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• sustain the medicine or gene effect in targeted tissues. This sustained release of medication extends the duration of the effect of the drug, ensuring optimal treatment efficacy. Additionally, biopolymeric nanoparticles can carry various functional groups on their surface enabling targeted drug delivery

• biopolymeric nanoparticles, providing valuable information about their physical and chemical properties. These techniques allow researchers to understand the structure, stability, surface properties, and drug release behavior of biopolymeric nanoparticles, enabling them to optimize drug delivery strategies and

• ensure efficacy and safety [58]. The most crucial characteristics of nanoparticles are particle size, morphology, zeta potential, and surface area. Morphology of nanoparticles: There are many tools available for determining the morphology of nanomaterials. However, the most commonly used methods are

Signal generation in dynamic interferometric displacement detection

• Knarik Khachatryan,
• Simon Anter,
• Michael Reichling and
• Alexander von Schmidsfeld

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1070–1076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.87

• displacement of a (quasi) harmonically oscillating microcantilever, acting as one mirror of the interferometer, while the second mirror is the even surface of an optical fiber delivering the light to the microcantilever [5][6][7][8][9][10]. As illustrated in Figure 1, interference occurs in the optical fiber

• curve, where the slope of IM(d) is a maximum. Such an adjustment facilitates a most sensitive displacement detection. Note, that it is not possible to adjust the interferometer to d0 with a small number m because of limitations in positioning the fiber end face parallel to the cantilever surface. Upon

• excitation, the freely oscillating cantilever exhibits a harmonic displacement q(t) as a function of time. If a tip–surface force Fts is present, this will introduce a slight anharmonicity, and there will be a static displacement qs [13]. Within the harmonic approximation, which is well justified for small

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• was meticulously evaluated by analyzing the ablation rates, surface plasmon resonance peak positions, and particle size distributions of the obtained colloids. The nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using the techniques of UV–visible absorption, transmission electron microscopy, and energy

• -dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Furthermore, NPs of various sizes ranging from 6 to 35 nm were loaded onto a filter paper by a simple and effective drop-casting approach to achieve flexible surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates/sensors. These substrates were tested using a simple, portable

• decomposition of the metal surface. This results in an explosive ejection of vapor and liquid from the surface. The metal plume cannot freely expand in water and is slowed down, forming a hot metal layer at the water interface. The hot metal layer heats the water to a supercritical state, mixing metal atoms

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• environments represented by implant–tissue interfaces [18] through the tuning of different parameters (i.e., surface roughness and potential as well as hydrophobicity). Cells and biomolecules can selectively adhere to or be repelled from artificial implanted surfaces, triggering several metabolic pathways of

• structural polymorphism [40] (arrangement, number, and order of layers), the electronic coupling between different layers, and the matrix in which graphene is embedded [41]. Indeed, the matrix plays a pivotal role owing to the ultimate surface-to-volume ratio and the poor electrostatic screening displayed by

• they still remain far below those of graphene. Last, GO and rGO show good interactions with polymeric matrices thanks to specific surface functionalizations [51]. Carbon nanotubes CNTs are an allotropic state of carbon discovered in the middle of the 20th century [52][53][54][55], which became famous

Bolometric IR photoresponse based on a 3D micro-nano integrated CNT architecture

• Yasameen Al-Mafrachi,
• Sandeep Yadav,
• Sascha Preu,
• Jörg J. Schneider and
• Oktay Yilmazoglu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1030–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.84

• our bolometer used pristine CNTs. However, the high surface-to-volume ratio of CNTs is very advantageous for further coating with, for example, VOx or ZnO. Thus, this architecture provides a platform technology to increase the responsivity of the fabricated new 3D-based bolometer devices. Additionally

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• of new types of NPs, there is a knowledge gap when it comes to our understanding of the interaction of NPs with both cells and tissues. However, it is well known that NP properties, such as surface charge, size, and the material they are composed of can affect cellular uptake, biodistribution, and

• chances that also other processes than endocytosis, such as recycling, degradation, and signaling are also regulated by cell density. In studies of uptake and transport of NPs, it is essential to determine whether the particle is in a sealed vesicle or whether it is still at the cell surface but present

• in an invagination of the cell. This can be performed by different methods. If electron microscopy (EM) is used, it is important that serial sectioning is performed. Otherwise, one may see a particle which is apparently internalized, since it is far from the cell surface, but it might still be in an

Ca_n neutral clusters: a two-step G₀W₀ and DFT benchmark

• Sunila Bakhsh,
• Sameen Aslam,
• Muhammad Khalid,
• Muhammad Sohail,
• Sundas Zafar,
• Sumayya Abdul Wadood,
• Kareem Morsy and
• Muhammad Aamir Iqbal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1010–1016, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.82

• cluster. Ca8 is a pentagonal bipyramid structure with a capped atom, which disrupts its symmetry from a perfect pentagonal bipyramid. This symmetry breaking can also be a possible reason, as it might generate a structure with increased surface strain or less favorable bonding environments. Apart from this

Atomistic insights into the morphological dynamics of gold and platinum nanoparticles: MD simulations in vacuum and aqueous media

• Evangelos Voyiatzis,
• Eugenia Valsami-Jones and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.81

• multifaceted crystal surface, and their shape remains almost constant regardless of temperature variations. The smaller NPs have a smoother and more spherical surface, and their shape varies greatly with temperature. By studying the variation of nano-descriptors commonly employed in QSAR models, a qualitative

• attributable to their distinctive properties, including superparamagnetism, piezoelectricity, certain optical characteristics [9][10][11][12][13], and the enormously high surface-to-volume ratio. These special properties derive from their small size, rather than their chemical composition. Given the broad

• for NPs is the consistency in their shape, surface characteristics, and crystallinity. Nevertheless, developing straightforward and widely applicable approaches to crystallize or melt NPs uniformly, with precise control, remains a significant challenge [25]. For instance, it has been shown that atomic

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• [27][28], surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [29][30], microfluidic-coupled biochip [31], electrochemical [32], and field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors [33]. Biosensors offer several distinct benefits for virus recognition, including higher selectivity through improved target receptors and

• . The first transduction mechanism is known as charge modulation, in which charged biomolecule species bind to the surface of the gate insulator and modify the charge density of the channel surface, and thus the surface conductivity by Coulomb interaction. This acts as a gating mechanism, and

• flexibly adjusted through layout design, there is a broader enhancement space for biosensor design [71]. Moreover, owing to the larger channel surface and wider channel, biomolecules can be easily immobilized in the nanocavity. Consequently, the VS NS FET-based biosensor provides higher sensitivity. 2.1.3

Beyond biomimicry – next generation applications of bioinspired adhesives from microfluidics to composites

• Dan Sameoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 965–976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.79

• surface roughness and are far more cost-effective. The significant influence of mechanical properties on identical fiber designs has also been extensively studied by our group and others, including work on shape memory polymers (SMPs) for biomimetic pillars [29]. These uniformly mushroom-shaped SMP fibers

• left to accomplish for grippers, fasteners, and other adhesive mechanisms using biologically inspired techniques from more than one animal simultaneously. Beyond merely serving as an adhesive surface, mushroom-shaped biomimetic fibers can be functional in ways entirely absent in nature. This concept

• the channels but also directed the liquid metal flow via Laplace barriers within the channels, offering a mechanism by which we could precisely control the filling of a liquid with very high surface tension [36] (Figure 5). Additionally, small subfeatures within the microfluidic channels could allow

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• nanoprecipitation technique, resulting in small size, high homogeneity, and negative surface charge. Importantly, the folate-targeted nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced uptake and cytotoxicity in folate receptor-positive cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HepG-2) compared to folate receptor-negative cells (HEK 293

• pluronic F127 (F127), can be used in the water phase to lower the surface tension of the organic phase and to produce the nanoemulsion during the homogenization process [5][6][7]. F127 is a copolymer made up of blocks of poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide), PEO100–PPO65–PEO100

• increased, respectively, to 372 nm and 0.486 for F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780, and, respectively, to 288 nm and 0.663 for F127@PLGA/CHL/IR780. The increase in nanoparticle size could be the result of protein absorption the nanoparticle surface [38]. However, the absorption of protein from the cell culture

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• because of their extremely large surface area-to-volume ratio, small pore size, and high porosity. Nanofibers are known to be highly functional systems with the ability to mimic the structure and function of the natural bone matrix, facilitating osteogenesis for cell proliferation and bone regeneration

• bone forms the outer surface of all bones; it gives strength, provides great resistance to external forces, and determines the shape of the bone. In contrast, cancellous bone is mostly found at the ends of long bones and forms the inner part of the compact bone. Cancellous bone is quite strong and

• irregular porous network structure is observed [17]. The porous structure of cancellous bone offers a high surface area and, therefore, provides ease of movement due to its low density. It is also more elastic than compact bone. Besides, with the help of the trabecular architecture of thin rods and plates

Effects of cutting tool geometry on material removal of a gradient nanograined CoCrNi medium entropy alloy

• Yu-Sheng Lu,
• Yu-Xuan Hung,
• Thi-Xuyen Bui and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 925–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.76

• damage is limited to a shallow layer at the surface. Since thermal energy is generated in the high grain boundary density, the temperature of the contact zone between the substrate and the cutting tool increases as the GNG size decreases. The cutting chips removed from the GNG CoCrNi MEA substrates will

• through grain refinement can increase the strength further without adjusting the composition. Wei et al. used a mechanical surface abrasion treatment to prepare a CoCrNi MEA with a grain-size-gradient structure with excellent strain hardening potential compared with spark plasma sintering fine-grained

• radius was fixed at 1 nm to analyze the surface morphology, atomic-scale wear, shear strain distribution, temperature distribution, and crystal structure evolution during cutting. Figure 2a–f shows the atoms that pile-up on the surface of the CoCrNi MEA substrates. The number of wear atoms during cutting

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• medicine, electronics, and environmental science. Understanding the structural aspects of surface modifiers in nanoparticles that govern their cellular uptake is crucial for optimizing their efficacy and minimizing potential cytotoxicity. The cellular uptake is influenced by multiple factors, namely, size

• , shape, and surface charge of NPs, as well as their surface functionalization. In the current study, classification-based ML models (i.e., Bayesian classification, random forest, support vector classifier, and linear discriminant analysis) have been developed to identify the features/fingerprints that

• dimensions within the range of 1 to 100 nm [2]. The diminutive size of nanoparticles contributes to a significantly high surface area with respect to volume, resulting in enhanced reactivity, improved stability, and augmented functionality. In the field of nanomaterials, ENMOs are a notable subset. These

Facile synthesis of Fe-based metal–organic frameworks from Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and their application for CO₂/N₂ separation

• Van Nhieu Le,
• Hoai Duc Tran,
• Minh Tien Nguyen,
• Hai Bang Truong,
• Toan Minh Pham and
• Jinsoo Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 897–908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.74

• resulting material, resulting in a high yield of 81% and an impressive BET surface area of 1365.4 m2·g−1. At 25 °C and 1 bar, M-100Fe@Fe2O3#1.80 showed a CO2 adsorption capacity of 1.10 mmol·g−1 and an IAST-predicted CO2/N2 selectivity of 18, outperforming conventional adsorbents in CO2/N2 separation

• -organic frameworks (MOFs) are well-ordered porous hybrid structures assembled from the fundamental components of metal ion clusters and organic linkers. MOFs are well known as multipurpose materials that serve a broad range of applications because of their unique construction variants, enormous surface

• diameters of 2.5 and 2.9 nm, which may accommodate guest molecules entering through pentagon (0.47–0.55 nm) and hexagon (0.86 nm) apertures; this is an extremely porous channel system with immense surface area and pore volume [10][12]. Furthermore, MIL-100(Fe) is also widely recognized for its low

Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• example, post-deposition treatment using O2 as oxidizing gas (in combination with electron-beam exposure) of PtCx material deposited from MeCpPtMe3 resulted in the purification of the top surface of the deposit only [36]. In contrast, using water as the oxidizing gas (in combination with electron beam

• , only when injecting water after the injection of the Pt precursor, purification was achieved. In that case, Pt precursor adsorbed on the inner surface of the nozzle was carried by the subsequent water flux and deposited. Unfortunately, these experimental conditions cannot be very well controlled

• temperature (24 °C) to minimize the precursor flux. Because of the low vapour pressure of the Pt precursor at 24 °C and the remote position of the Pt GIS nozzle, the deposition of platinum is limited by adsorption and surface diffusion of the precursor molecules [51]. A high water flux was necessary for the

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• different attachment mechanisms evolved in insects, namely, hairy pads consisting of flexible setae, which adapt to the surface topography, and smooth pads possessing a soft and deformable cuticle to comply with the substrate profile [9]. Both pad types, hairy and smooth, aim to maximize contact area with

• the substrate as the contact area of the pad is proportional to adhesion [10][11][12]. For rough substrates, the pads are complemented by a pair of rigid claws used for friction interlocking with surface asperities and ensuring attachment, but claws perform poorly on smooth surfaces [13]. The ability

• to fly, they adapted strongly to their local environment [11][19][22][23]. Phasmids have evolved considerably depending on plants since pre-angiosperm times [24]. As plants display a huge range of different surface characteristics [25][26][27][28], the diversity of microstructures on phasmatodean

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• component of the nanoform (core, surface, or structure) and also experimental features (related to the nanomaterial’s behavior, preparation, or test conditions) that indirectly reflect its structure. Keywords: descriptors; nanomaterials; nano-QSAR; QSAR; toxicity; Introduction Computational techniques of

• , namely, composition, impurities, surface treatment functionalization, size, shape, and surface area [10]. One of the challenges in nano-QSAR modelling, and in the modelling of NMs in general, is the definition and the identification of what a single NM is. Discrete organic molecules can be fully

• compositions (Figure 2) formed by different parts such as (i) the core (the inner part of the NM and most of its weight), (ii) the shell (the composition of the surface that interacts with the solvent and biological molecules), (iii) impurities or dopants (minor components deposited on the surface or

Investigation on drag reduction on rotating blade surfaces with microtextures

• Qinsong Zhu,
• Chen Zhang,
• Fuhang Yu and
• Yan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 833–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.70

• results. Second, the placement position and geometrical parameters (height, width, and spacing) of microtextures with lower energy loss were determined by our simulation of microtextures on the blade surface, and the drag reduction mechanism was analyzed. Triangular ribs with a height of 0.2 mm, a width

• moving animals, such as the “denticles” found on the surface of shark skin, which enable high-speed swimming [2], as well as the texture of bird feathers [3]. The phenomenon of drag reduction can also be observed on the surface of plants. For example, there is a superhydrophobic structure on the surface

• ]. Lang et al. [8] constructed rectangular and sinusoidal grooves with 2 mm in width, 3 mm in depth, and 1 mm in spacing, thus mimicking the transverse grooves on the surface of dolphin skin. They observed the effect of the grooves on flow separation and boundary layer using digital particle image

Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

• cost-effective technology. By harnessing impinging photons, the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants takes place at the interface between the photocatalyst surface and the MB-contaminated electrolyte. The photon energy is the driving force for breaking down the MB compound leading to its removal [9

• cocatalysts. Their catalytic properties can be tailored based on their crystal structure, their surface area, and their morphology [12][13]. When TMD catalysts are intermixed, they form semiconductor–semiconductor junctions, enhancing their photocatalytic properties by promoting charge separation and electron

• transport [14][15]. At each stage of the photocatalytic process sequence, the intermixing of TMD materials is intended to efficiently enhance light absorption, photogeneration of charge carriers, and activation of the surface redox reaction [16][17]. Furthermore, TMD materials are known to possess favorable