Materials challenges in solid-state sensors for continuous monitoring of ions in water

• Maryam Darestani-Farahani and
• Peter Kruse

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 935–973, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.66

• active and sensing materials for designing electrochemical and electrical devices capable of reliable, real-time ion monitoring in water. Keywords: aqueous ion sensors; biosensors; chemical sensors; nanomaterials; water quality monitoring; Introduction Access to clean water is critical for public

• materials are driven both by the need for selective interaction with the analyte of interest in the relevant concentration range and the need for tolerating the presence of the analyte matrix. We therefore start with a brief overview of relevant areas of application for aqueous ion sensors. The rapid and