PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• cosmetics, hydrogels, and lubricants [62]. In lipid nanoparticles, PEG is normally incorporated in the form of PEG lipids, which reside in the surface bilayer to reduce particle aggregation and nonspecific binding. However, studies have shown that PEGylated LNPs can elicit immune responses and accelerated

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• ]. Endocytosis is the primary pathway through which NPs enter cells. Hydrophobic polymeric NPs often exhibit stronger interactions with the lipid bilayer, which may facilitate their internalization through endocytic mechanisms. In contrast, hydrophilic NPs tend to adsorb onto the cell membrane surface before

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• , incorporating specific assessments for immunotoxicity, organ toxicity, and nanoparticle accumulation in organs. Second, the negatively charged phosphate backbone of nucleic acid aptamers generates electrostatic repulsion with the anionic phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes, significantly limiting their

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• , thus destabilizing bilayer formation. Conversely, lecithins with a higher proportion of saturated phospholipids are more likely to organize into stable bilayer vesicles like liposomes. These structural features of lecithin play a crucial role in determining the physicochemical properties of the

• use can be limited by stability issues like drug leakage, lipid oxidation, and vesicle aggregation, which depend on drug properties and bilayer composition [54]. These challenges are significant regarding chronic topical use. Conversely, micellar nanoemulsions, such as those in this study, offer

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• function of relative humidity. There were distinct differences between tissues and a pronounced hysteresis between sorption and desorption. Finite element analysis was performed on geometries ranging from simplified bilayer models to complex remodeled scales. Simulation results showed an underestimation of

• the bending of bilayer geometries due to an overestimated contribution of sclerenchyma fiber stiffness. Geometries with discrete fibers embedded in a brown tissue matrix more accurately reproduced the bending angles observed in experiments. This highlights the importance of the chosen material

• building parts [13], ceramic bilayer actuators [14], and 4D-printed weather-responsive façade shading elements [15]. The underlying principle in these biological examples is often compared to a thermally actuated “bimetal” mechanism [16][17]. The differential expansion or shrinkage of adjacent tissues

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer and a hydrophilic core. Depending on the physicochemical properties of the drug, this type of structure allows the entrapment of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs [1]. Liposomes, like other nanosystems, have many benefits, such as prolonged systemic blood circulation

• into phospholipids through the esterification process. When ROS interact with phospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acid chains (PUFA-PLs), lipid peroxides are formed, serving as the primary triggers of the ferroptosis process [35][36]. Lipid peroxides cause damage to the bilayer membrane, and

• liposomes hold promise for drug delivery and ferroptosis induction, but their potential toxicity and immunogenicity require careful consideration. Although the phospholipid bilayer of liposomes has the advantage of resembling cells, one of the main causes of chemical instability is the possibility of

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• vehicles released by most of the cells. These phospholipid bilayer nanovesicles are surface-enriched with proteins accounting for their dynamic and prominent roles in immune escape, cell–cell communication, and specific cell uptake [103]. They are small in size (30–150 nm), bypass biological barriers, and

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• with Iibg = 4 A revealed the formation of a bilayer, indicating the separation of grains into two distinct rows or layers. The width of the elongated grains in this case ranged from 90 to 115 nm. Yang et al. [6] mentioned that compared to conventional electron beam evaporation, ion bombardment provides

• , rounded grains, with sizes decreasing from 58 to 45 nm as the ion beam gun current increases from 3 to 4 A. Annealing further modifies the cross-sectional morphology of the 3 A films, resulting in elongated grains measuring from 60 to 120 nm. In contrast, the 4 A films exhibit a bilayer structure with

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• incorporation of an additional redox-active osmium complex layer between the surfactant bilayer and the glucose layer enhances the wiring efficiency of the redox assembly. The incorporation of lipid-like surfactants into polyelectrolyte multilayers can facilitate the development of soft materials

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• graphene nanosheets in water-intercalated AB bilayer graphene structures. A layer of water molecules significantly decreases the intersheet van der Waals force. A novel hydrogel of graphene oxide–silica gel–zinc hydroxide (GO-SG-ZH) is experimentally synthesized to demonstrate the advantages of hydrated

• ]. Therefore, supramolecular graphene-based hydrogels with hydration intercalation and hydration force are quite useful for preserving and generating graphene-based nanosheets for many applications. In this manuscript, we calculated van der Waals forces in bilayer graphene structures using density functional

• , bandgap energy, and formation energy of the molecular system of bilayer graphene intercalated with a water layer. In the experimental aspect, green chemistry methods were applied for synthesizing GO nanosheets, rice-husk-derived silica gel (SG), nanosilica–zinc hydroxide nanoparticles (SG-ZH), and

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• compatibility, and fibroblast proliferation parameters [163]. One-layer wound dressings cannot meet all therapeutic demands because of their distinct features and limitations [164]. Therefore, there has been a lot of interest in bilayer wound dressings consisting of two layers, each with distinct

• shield the wound region from external harm and dehydration. Microstructure, mechanical characteristics, surface wettability, anti-microbial action, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and effectiveness of the bilayer wound dressing were also examined [166]. Light-activable nanostructures Biomaterials

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• treatment of AβO-driven AD [14], and we will discuss these topics in the following. Mechanisms of neuronal cell toxicity induced by AβOs Research has shown that AβOs possess a remarkable ability to penetrate cell membranes, largely due to their capacity to form porins within the lipid bilayer. This ability

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• lipid–PEI2000–DNA (sLPD) nanoparticles conjugated with a phosphorothioate ASO (G3139), designed for Bcl-2 downregulation in cancer cells [112]. The reaction between PEI and hexadecenal on the lipidic bilayer enabled the formation of a reversible Schiff’s base, which provided higher particle stability

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• , the addition of PVA to chitosan or vice versa, either through blending or by layering can improve mechanical properties of the material. Mohd Salleh et al. [16] prepared bilayer chitosan/PVA nanofibers, which were found to improve tensile strength through strong physical interactions between the two

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• potential of oleic acid (OLA), the protonated form of sodium oleate (SO), to enhance membrane fluidity in specific lipid bilayer models, including dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), as well as in complex biological systems such as the human skin barrier [9][10][11

• depicted in Figure 5 provide a comprehensive analysis of the interaction dynamics between OLA and the AUR peptide with a model lipid bilayer composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) (POPG). These simulations

• bilayer. Notably, after 100 ns, OLA is significantly integrated within the membrane. At the end of the simulation (200 ns), OLA is thoroughly embedded, suggesting strong hydrophobic interactions that could potentially disrupt membrane integrity. This deep insertion is indicative of a substantial effect on

Strain-induced bandgap engineering in 2D ψ-graphene materials: a first-principles study

• Kamal Kumar,
• Nora H. de Leeuw,
• Jost Adam and
• Abhishek Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1440–1452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.116

• graphene layer. Also, uniaxial strain of 0.8% can be introduced in graphene by stretching [30]. Conley et al. studied the effect of uniaxial tensile strain on mono- and bilayer MoS2, where the strain was introduced in MoS2 through a four-point bending apparatus and a transition from an optical direct

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• , which agrees with the COMSOL simulated values. Figure 4a–d present the surface electric field plot, evaluated using electromagnetic waves in the frequency domain (ewfd) within the wave optics module. The simulation depicts the surface electric field profile in ten-bilayer photonic crystal structures

• -field across the of SiO2/LN ten bilayered PhC. (d) Surface plot of E-field with height as the magnitude across SiO2/LN ten bilayered PhC. Photonic band diagram of TiO2/LN: (a) 1st Brillouin zone of PhC under floquet periodic condition. (b) Surface electric field distribution on a bilayer of PhC at the

• value of upper band (band-2) edge at normalized wavevector k = 1. (c) Surface electric field distribution on a bilayer of PhC at the value of lower band (band-1) edge at normalized wavevector k = 1. Photonic band diagram of SiO2/LN: (a) 1st Brillouin zone of PhC under floquet periodic condition. (b

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• ]. Liposomes Liposomes are another type of DDS that has been extensively investigated over the years [87][88][89]. The structure of a liposome contains a lipid bilayer surrounding an aqueous core, which offers advantages in encapsulating both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances [90]. The additional

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• spontaneous polarization on ultrafast carrier dynamics in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe2. Using precise stacking techniques, a 3R WSe2-based vertical heterojunction was successfully constructed and confirmed by polarization-resolved second harmonic generation measurements. Through output characteristics

• spontaneous OOP polarization. Currently, the spontaneous OOP polarization has been confirmed in several materials, such as AB-stacked h-BN [16][17][21], WTe2 [22], 1T' ReS2 [23], bilayer MoS2 directly exfoliated from 3R-MoS2 bulk crystal [24], and artificially stacked bilayers transition metal dichalcogenides

• inversion symmetry by second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements. The broken symmetry in 3R WSe2 leads to the BPVE. To confirm the BPVE, a vertical heterojunction of graphene-wrapped bilayer 3R WSe2 was fabricated. The non-zero short-circuit current was observed in the output characteristics and the

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• of Hf is lower than that of Ti, another widely used TES material. This means that the same amount of energy will give a higher temperature change in hafnium than in titanium-based TES. The listed points make hafnium a promising material for TES development. In this work, Hf/Ti bilayer bridges of

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• is based on the higher affinity of Hg2+ towards silver, with a binding energy of 1.78 eV [9]. This strong affinity allows Hg2+ ions to penetrate the CTAB bilayer, particularly in AgNS, where the amount of bound CTAB is lower [9]. Additionally, Cu2+ ions undergo a galvanic replacement reaction with

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• in human urine and serum. 2.2.11 Organic TFET-based biosensors. Jain et al. [111] proposed a concept of bilayer electrodes for top-contact organic tunnel FET (BE TC OTFT)-based biosensors aiming for enhanced detection of charged and neutral biomolecules. Figure 15 shows the schematic view of a BE TC

• bilayer of gold and TiO2 was used for the drain and source electrodes [112]. The body channel length is equal to 1 µm, and the cavity region thickness varied from 5 to 10 nm. It was demonstrated that BE TC OTFT is four times more sensitive compared to the metal-trench dielectric-modulated organic tunnel

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• to take into account ion beam-induced redistribution and intermixing of atoms from different layers, were considered less frequently. Some of the examples include analytical estimations of the depth of bilayer substrates [26] and cell-based simulations of surface evolution and ion implantation using

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• diffractogram (Figure 5b) also confirmed the preferred longitudinal growth towards the {111} facet. The XRD results as shown in Figure 5b along with SEM/EDX results (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4) confirmed that the AuNMs were made of gold. The formation of bilayer assembly of surfactants was

• structures, micelles with longer carbon tail lengths form more compact bilayer structures and vice versa. Also, the density of mixed micellar structure of CTAB is higher and is followed by MTAB and DTAB, respectively; thus, resulting in the formation of AuNMs of different aspect ratios. The corroboration of

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• longitudinal axis (Figure 1) for trapping small molecules either into the bilayer or their aqueous space more efficiently than liposomes [34][35]. In this case, nanoarchaeosomes incorporated ALN to a higher extent than HSPC-Chol liposomes [29], as shown by their ≈1.4 times higher ALN/lipid ratio. Cytotoxicity