Tight junction between endothelial cells: the interaction between nanoparticles and blood vessels

• Yue Zhang and
• Wan-Xi Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 675–684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.60

• , such as hormones. Blood is extensively circulated through those vessels and NPs in the blood may reside on the surface of vessels or go through some barriers, e.g., the blood–brain barrier [15], blood–gas barrier [16] and blood–testis barrier [17], and reach important organs which then may get

• ., blood–brain barrier, blood–gas barrier and blood–testis barrier). Plain nanoconjugates and nanosized vehicles are widely utilized as drug delivery tools to cross the blood–brain barrier [43]. Moreover, the translocation of gold nanoparticles through the air–blood barrier was found after a treatment with

• porcine blood–brain-barrier, both of which could contribute to the promotion of the TJ function [58]. Claudin-4 requires phosphorylation under certain concentrations of Mg2+ to proper localize to the tight junction [59] and it can be phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC) at Thr189 and Ser194, which

Unraveling the neurotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: focusing on molecular mechanisms

• Bin Song,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Jia Liu,
• Xiaoli Feng,
• Ting Zhou and
• Longquan Shao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 645–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.57

• mice were exposed to TiO2 NPs via several administration routes (e.g., nasal instillation, subcutaneous injection and oral exposure), NPs can be absorbed and translocated into the brain mainly through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) or the nose-to-brain pathway, which bypasses the BBB. Given that TiO2

• , and IL-10 in the brain. Herein, an impairment of the the blood–brain barrier and damage of astrocytes was observed [32]. Apoptosis dysfunction Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is defined as the genetically determined elimination of cells. The activation of caspase plays a pivotal role in

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• nanocomposites could not get through the blood brain barrier. The TEM and histopathological analysis of the liver tissues suggested these nanocomposites were mainly expelled out from the mice body possibly by liver secretion. In a similar way, Guo et al. [47] reported the synthesis of hybrid nanostructures of

Filling of carbon nanotubes and nanofibres

• Reece D. Gately and
• Marc in het Panhuis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 508–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.53

• , drug release, VGCNFs have not yet been evaluated. Whilst they have not demonstrated the same nanoscale interactions as CNTs (such as crossing the blood–brain barrier, which is still under investigation), they may have other applications on the larger scale and allow for higher drug storage capacity

Release behaviour and toxicity evaluation of levodopa from carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes

• Julia M. Tan,
• Jhi Biau Foo,
• Sharida Fakurazi and
• Mohd Zobir Hussein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 243–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.23

• , due to its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. However, responsive patients treated long term with LD therapy may experience a decrease in the duration of responsiveness to the treatment and side effects in motor fluctuation (dyskinesia) may result [13]. Moreover, once LD is administered orally

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

• and/or intracellular dissolution of silver nanoparticles to silver ions. Silver nanoparticles and brain cells (astrocytes) Silver nanoparticles have been reported to damage the blood–brain barrier, to enter the brain and to cause neurotoxicity [96][97][98]. In addition, once nanoparticles have entered

• the brain, they are not efficiently cleared from the brain, in contrast to other organs, even during a long recovery period [99]. After crossing the blood–brain barrier into the brain, silver nanoparticles will immediately encounter astrocytes as these cells almost completely cover the brain

• toxicity of internalized silver nanoparticles suggest that astrocytes will also cope well in the brain with silver nanoparticles that have crossed the blood–brain barrier and further support the proposed function of astrocytes in protecting the brain against toxic metals. Genotoxicity of silver

Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering

• Antonina M. Monaco and
• Michele Giugliano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1849–1863, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.196

• . Yang and colleagues [32], for example, exploited the ability of CNTs to cross the blood–brain barrier to deliver acetylcholine into the lysosomes of neurons in the experimental treatment of Alzheimer’s disease in mice. However, the biological applications of CNTs require their complete purification

Manipulation of isolated brain nerve terminals by an external magnetic field using D-mannose-coated γ-Fe₂O₃ nano-sized particles and assessment of their effects on glutamate transport

• Tatiana Borisova,
• Natalia Krisanova,
• Arsenii Borуsov,
• Roman Sivko,
• Ludmila Ostapchenko,
• Michal Babic and
• Daniel Horak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.90

• have a potential to cross the blood brain barrier that may open new ways for drug delivery into the brain [22]. Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles coated by silica, with a size of 50 nm, were found in the brain after being administered via an intravenous injection in mice [23]. After exposure of mice to TiO2

• -fifth of the nanoparticles deposited on the olfactory mucosa can move to the olfactory bulb of rat brain providing a portal for entry into the central nervous system circumventing the blood–brain barrier [25]. In an in vitro model, it was shown that the ability of superparamagnetic iron oxide

• nanoparticles to penetrate the blood–brain barrier increased significantly in the presence of an external magnetic force. Therefore, particles can be transported through the blood–brain barrier and taken up by astrocytes, while they do not affect the viability of the endothelial cells [26]. On the cellular