Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• ]. This water-soluble micronutrient is essential for improving brain and nervous system functions, blood cell development, bone health improvement, energy and DNA production, fertility and embryo development, control of neurological symptoms (e.g., stress, depression, dementia, and visual disturbances

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• division and DNA synthesis. However, they can also affect healthy cells in the body that divide rapidly, such as cells in the hair follicles, bone marrow, digestive system, and reproductive system. This can lead to a range of side effects, some of which can be severe. Take the chemotherapeutic agent

• makes the drug clearly visible during intravenous administration, but also from its high potency and the wide range of severe side effects it can cause. These side effects include myelosuppression, where reduced blood cell production in the bone marrow can lead to anaemia, bruising, and higher infection

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• also hold promise in regenerative dentistry. Incorporated into scaffolds, membranes, and hydrogels, they have demonstrated the ability to enhance osteogenesis and angiogenesis while simultaneously reducing microbial contamination [19]. These multifunctional biomaterials not only support bone and

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• W, ensuring that only areas without visible defects were cut out of the plates. For specimens with rectilinear interfaces, conventional dog bone specimens were prepared. For specimens with V-shaped interfaces, however, the geometry had to be slightly adapted (widened) so that a complete V-shape

• selected specimens for each group. To create a random, high-contrast speckle pattern, the surface of the dog bone and metamaterial specimens was sprayed with a white primer (5200 Permanentspray Premium-Acryllack, Edding International GmbH, Thalwil, Switzerland) before applying a black speckle pattern

• specimen were about 62% higher than those for the rectilinear specimen (16.48 ± 3.07 MPa against 10.17 ± 0.25 MPa; Figure 5C). The finding that the linearly graded specimens all failed at or along the PPGF gauge section of the dog bone with the highest fiber content was verified using a bidirectional fiber

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• to spread, stay attached, and turn into different cell types. Electrospun polymers could produce these nanofibers, which are widely applied for nerve treatment, bone growth, and wound healing [26]. A second approach is the utilization of nano-patterned surfaces. These surfaces have carefully designed

• recent years, the scientific community has started focusing on what nanocomposites potentially offer. Binding nanoparticles along with biomaterials enhances their strength, flexibility, and durability. For example, adding hydroxyapatite nanoparticles to a polymer can improve bone compatibility, making it

• slowly release therapeutic compounds over time. For instance, anti-inflammatory medications or antibiotics benefit the patient over a longer period without additional procedures. Bone-related implants have demonstrated that nanoscale surfaces stimulate the growth and attachment of bone cells, allowing

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• et al. developed biomimetic oxygen-carrying NPs and conjugated ultrasmall nanozyme on their surface; they further coated the NPs with bone marrow stromal cell membrane to target and successfully deplete leukemic cells in bone marrow and prevent homing of AML. Furthermore, the cell membrane acted as

• CXR4 antagonist to block the CXCR4/CXCL12-mediated homing of leukemia cells to the bone marrow and infiltration into other organs like the liver and spleen [136] (Figure 9). Ke et al. altered the tumor glucose supply and metabolic pathways by designing RGD-modified, RBC membrane-coated glucose oxidase

• cells, in vitro and in vivo [161]. Furthermore, Yang et al, inspired by human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, developed a biomimetic zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 to navigate herpes simplex virus type I thymidine kinase-encoded plasmids and ganciclovir for lung cancer treatment. The biomimetic

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• recent years, such as tissue regeneration or tumor models in vivo. For example, 3D-printed scaffolds have been employed and shown to be effective in bone regeneration [226] and in promoting the restoration of craniofacial cartilage defects [227]. Also, in in vivo breast cancer models, doxorubicin-loaded

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• 10.3762/bjnano.16.78 Abstract Bone tissue, also known as bone, is a hard and specialized connective tissue consisting of various bone cells. Internally, it has a honeycomb-like matrix providing rigidity to the bone and a piezoelectric feature contributing to bone remodeling. Bone remodeling is a crucial

• process involving osteoblastic replacement and resorption by osteoclastic cells to maintain structural integrity and mechanical properties of the bone tissue as it grows. However, in cases of fracture or degeneration, the natural self-regeneration process or inherent piezoelectricity of the body may not

• be sufficient to repair the damage. To address this, the use of piezoelectric nanomaterials (NMs) in bone tissue engineering was investigated. In this study, the influence of the piezoelectric hexagonal boron nitrides (hBNs) and barium titanate (BaTiO3) on human osteoblasts (HOb) was comparatively

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• for diabetic bone defects, and bactericidal materials. As can be seen from these examples, soft materials nanoarchitectonics offers a wide range of material designs, specific functions, and potential applications. In addition, this review examines the current state and future of soft materials

• nanoarchitectonics also makes a contribution to the field of medicine. For instance, patients with diabetic bone defects require novel and efficacious medical implant material strategies to enhance their prognosis. It is imperative to minimize the risk of implant failure due to excessive oxidative stress and the

• elevated risk of bacterial infection in patients with diabetes. Weng and colleagues employed an LbL construction strategy to enhance the healing ability of diabetic bone defects [277]. This involved the hybridization of tannic acid, gentamicin sulfate, and Pluronic F127 on a porous polyetheretherketone

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• processing into nanofibers, make it an ideal material for biomedical applications including the reconstruction of bone and cartilage [17][18]. Polyurethan (PU) is a very flexible, long-lasting, and reliable material. It is versatile and can be used in almost every field of work. PU can also be used in

• factors, drugs, and stem cells to facilitate the process of growth and regeneration [87]. Fitzpatrick et al. develop a scaffold by combining silk–hydroxyapatite bone cement with growth factors such as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and neural growth factor

• (NGF) to promote bone regeneration, vascularization, and nerve integration. The scaffolds were designed with precise porosity and geometry to promote new bone growth while mimicking the structure of natural bone. The scaffold’s mechanical properties were appropriate for bone tissue application, and the

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• been reports of co-axial electrospinning of chitosan/PVA, although additional materials are usually added to aid the electrospinning of chitosan. Zhu et al. [111] used a chitosan/PCL blend as the sheath material and PVA as the core material for the production of guided bone generation membranes. Kuo et

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• , such as corticosteroids and azathioprine. Although these treatments help control inflammation and prevent disease progression, they often come with substantial side effects, including an increased risk of infections, bone density loss, diabetes, and hypertension. Recent advancements in AIH treatment

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• particles have been identified as 80–90% in the liver, 5–8% in the spleen, and 1–2% in the bone marrow [30]. One of the major organs where nanoparticles are likely to accumulate, depending on the route of administration, is the liver [31][32][33], where Kupffer cells can quickly uptake large nanoparticles

• reflects only the hepatic isoform (14.7 ± 0.17 U/L). However, against the backdrop of normal ALT values, an increase in ALP activity typically indicates a stagnation process in the bile ducts or a pathological process in the kidneys or bone tissue [56]. Comparing these data with the results of GGT activity

• in ALP activity may indirectly indicate the presence of a pathological process in other organs. Considering the fact that groups III and V received a combined administration with Fe3O4 NPs and the fact that many authors report the ability of these NPs to penetrate bone tissue, it can be assumed that

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• FDA-approved biodegradable polymer. The R406-PLGA NPs (particle size of 159.7 nm) showed a significant downregulation of major inflammatory markers (CCL2, IL-1α, and IL-6) in vitro in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. In an in vivo experiment using a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) mouse

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• tailored to the tissues where the implant will be placed [99]. Nevertheless, CNTs are able to regulate the cell proliferation better than other nanocarbon species. Patel et al. [100] coated polymer nanofibers with a 25 nm thick layer of MWCNTs modulating in vivo angiogenesis and bone regeneration

• , wherein the implant bears an excessive load, consequently, causing bone resorption [132]. Coating with nanostructured carbon is a strategy to both reduce wear and improve load across the implant region. As mentioned by Zhang et al. [133], a nano- or micrometric thick layer of CNTs induced the ability of

• bone tissues [137] to reduce wear. Such layers have been widely studied as coating agents onto several metal surfaces directly in contact with bone, including steel [138], titanium [139], and magnesium [140]. As reported by Deenoi et al. [141], CNT coatings on titanium nitride at the interface with

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• Istanbul Aydın University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul, Turkey 10.3762/bjnano.15.77 Abstract Bone, one of the hardest structures of the body, is the basic constituent of the skeletal system, which gives the shape to the body, provides mechanical support for

• muscles and soft tissues, and provides movement. Even if there is no damage, bone remodeling is a permanent process to preserve and renew the structural, biochemical, and biomechanical integrity of bone tissue. Apart from the remodeling, bone healing is the highly complicated process of repairing

• deficiencies of bone tissue by the harmonious operation of osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and bone lining cells. Various materials can be used to both trigger the bone healing process and to provide mechanical support to damaged bone. Nanofiber scaffolds are at the forefront of these types of systems

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• animals were documented postmortem using a stereo microscope (Nikon SMZ745T, Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Pictures were taken using a Sony DSC-RX0 (Sony Group Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a C-mount adapter using a RX0 Mod Kit (Back-Bone Gear Inc., Ontario, Canada). Frozen animals were

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• )/hydroxyapatite in orthopedics [1][2]. Biocompatible polymers are widely used in biomedical fields, such as stents, drug delivery systems in cancer therapy, bone repair, dentistry, joint prostheses, and tissue engineering [2][3][4][5][6]. Polymers have several advantageous properties for these applications as

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• potentially lethal condition that induces profound hemodynamic alterations [2]. Bisphosphonates are synthetic, nonhydrolyzable analogs of inorganic pyrophosphate [3] that are clinically employed to remove osteoclasts in the treatment of osteoporosis and tumors and reduce bone mineralization [4]. Interestingly

• , besides targeting areas of active bone remodeling and resorption [5] and osteoclasts, nitrogenous bisphosphonates have been reported to reduce vascular calcification, through direct or indirect interaction with the endothelium [1][6]. Alendronate sodium (ALN) (CAS 121268-17-5, 4-amino-1-hydroxybutylidine

• -1,1-bisphosphonic acid) is a nitrogenous bisphosphonate with high affinity for the bone matrix of hydroxyapatite, chelating capacity of divalent cations, and anti-osteoclast activity, widely used in clinical settings as an anti-resorptive agent in osteoporosis [7][8][9]. ALN is known to reduce

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• 21 days and inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were well attached and proliferated on the surface of the LAP/AMX functionalized PLA scaffolds, which provided a bacteria-free environment for bone differentiation in the

• treatment of bone defects [21]. In dentistry, anti-infective nanofiber-based drug-release systems have been investigated for periodontal disease control, endodontic therapy, cariogenic microorganism control, and tissue reconstruction [25]. Due to the controlled drug release, BBR-loaded nanofiber scaffolds

• exhibited excellent performance in repairing bone defects [3][26], healing diabetic foot ulcers [27], promoting hemostasis [28], acting as anti-leishmanial drugs [29], and inhibiting microbial agents [27][30]. Zhou et al. [31] developed hybrids of nanofibers and microparticles for dual-step controlled

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• , the intracellular uptake of bioactive molecules is especially hindered for hydrophobic molecules [64], making it difficult for the drug to reach the parasite. On the other hand, nanocarriers can target the interior of macrophages residing in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, effectively delivering

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• nanorods, gold nanostars have interesting properties because of their asymmetric spiky structure and narrow LSPR peaks [60]. Depciuch et al. synthesized three different gold nanostructures (spheres, rods, and bone-like rod structures) and compared their SPR peaks and their PCE properties. Though the SPR

• peaks were in the same wavelength range, the temperature increase was different (Figure 6A). It was also found that the bone-like structure produced the highest temperature of about 70 °C with 33% photo conversion efficiency [61]. Another fascinating class of gold nanostructures are branched or star

• ], Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, vol. 30, by J. Depciuch; M. Stec; M. Kandler; J. Baran; M. Parlinska-Wojtan, “From spherical to bone-shaped gold nanoparticles - Time factor in the formation of Au NPs, their optical and photothermal properties“, article no. 101670, Copyright (2020), with permission from

Carboxylic acids and light interact to affect nanoceria stability and dissolution in acidic aqueous environments

• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Eric A. Grulke and
• Robert A. Yokel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 762–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.63

• and transformations of nanoceria surfaces. Nanoceria within biological systems Nanoceria has been shown to accumulate and persist in rats and mice for 90 days and five months [26]. A significant amount was present within liver, spleen, and bone marrow [27][28]. Yokel et al. [29] discussed the uptake