Breaking barriers: nanosystems to overcome solubility and permeability challenges of second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors

• Bhagya Shree,
• Abhishek Sharma,
• Manish Kumar,
• Ruchi Chawla and
• Brahmeshwar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1063–1086, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.73

• , Cadila Pharmaceuticals Limited, Survey No. 1389, Trasad Road, Dholka, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382225, India 10.3762/bjnano.17.73 Abstract Second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) – bosutinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib – demonstrate therapeutic efficacy across various chronic malignancies

• stability, scalability, and feasibility for clinical transition. Keywords: BCS class-IV; bioavailability enhancement; biopharmaceutical limitation; bosutinib; dasatinib; drug delivery system; nanosystems; nilotinib; quality by design; second-generation TKI; Introduction Tyrosine kinases have emerged as

• epithelial transition factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, Janus kinase, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, receptor tyrosine kinase, Sarcoma (Src), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor [1]. The three main second-generation TKIs are bosutinib (BTB), nilotinib (NTB), and dasatinib (DTB

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• %, from 50% in the pre-imatinib era [7]. However, imatinib and related TKIs (the second-generation TKIs dasatinib, bosutinib, nilotinib, and the third-generation ponatinib) are not exclusively specific for the BCR-ABL fusion protein, and may also affect normal c-ABL and other kinases such as c-KIT. This

• or T315I for bosutinib. Molecular targeting of myeloid leukemia using surface-engineered nanoparticles Nanomedicines as an efficient tool for bone marrow targeted delivery of drugs: It is known that solid tumors reside in extravascular spaces. In order to reach them, the NDDSs need to extravasate the