Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• biosensors into cellular bioimaging and the potential for non-invasive in vitro and in vivo analysis demonstrate their versatility and applicability across a broad spectrum of biomedical research, diagnostics, and nutrient analysis. Keywords: carbon dots; cobalamin; energy transfer; fluorescence sensor

• levels of VB12 in foods and pharmaceuticals is crucial for health management and disease prevention. VB12 is also known as cobalamin due to the presence of a central cobalt ion (Co2+) within the structure of its modified tetrapyrrole ring (Figure 1). A unique feature of the tetrapyrrole-derived ring in

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

•  3d confirms the presence, in addition to iron, of elements from additives and organic compounds, such as Si from SiO2, Ca from calcium alginate, and Co most likely from cobalamin. The Na and Cl peaks relating to salt (NaCl), and peaks of P, S, Ni, and Zn (trace levels), were classified as