Development of Protium heptaphyllum essential oil-loaded nanocapsules: experimental design and biological activity

• Debora Freitas Silva,
• Kaidy Giselle Orellana,
• Allessya Lara Dantas Formiga,
• Jin Wang,
• Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade,
• Aline Collares Valente Pinheiro,
• Maria Izabel de Jesus,
• Francisco Canindé Ferreira de Luna,
• Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira,
• Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira,
• Francisco Humberto Xavier Junior,
• Emmanuel Abraham Ho and
• Marcele Fonseca Passos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 974–990, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.67

• nanoencapsulation not only stabilizes breu branco essential oil but also enhances its antimicrobial, regenerative, and immunomodulatory effects, while fostering the sustainable valorization of Amazonian biodiversity. Keywords: biocompatibility; cytokine modulation; drug delivery systems; nanoprecipitation; wound

• , predominantly composed of α-pinene and p-cymene, on biological responses such as cytokine modulation and wound healing has not been systematically investigated. Previous studies have primarily focused on its chemical composition and biological activities in the free form, with limited exploration of its

• potential. The optimized nanosystems were subsequently evaluated in terms of stability, encapsulation efficiency, cell viability, antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), wound healing potential (scratch assay), and cytokine modulation. The results of this study contribute to a