Scaling law to determine peak forces in tapping-mode AFM experiments on finite elastic soft matter systems

• Horacio V. Guzman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 968–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.98

• bidimensional deformation contact mechanics model. The equation enables to estimate the peak force based on the tapping mode observables, probe characteristics and the material properties of the sample. The accuracy of the equation has been verified by comparing it to numerical simulations for the archetypical

Near-field surface plasmon field enhancement induced by rippled surfaces

• Mario D’Acunto,
• Francesco Fuso,
• Ruggero Micheletto,
• Makoto Naruse,
• Francesco Tantussi and
• Maria Allegrini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 956–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.97

• rough surfaces. Ripple formation due to light–matter interaction, for example, using short laser pulses, is highly dependent on the laser irradiation conditions (angle of incidence, polarization, laser power, scanning speed – only to cite the most important factors), material properties, environmental

Hybrid nanomaterials: from the laboratory to the market

• Verónica de Zea Bermudez,
• Fabrice Leroux,
• Pierre Rabu and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 861–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.87

• conditions – often presenting a challenge to chemists, biologists, physicists, and engineers in its full complexity. In spite of these challenges, we nowadays have a basic understanding of how (desired) material properties are related to material composition and structure. One of the key observations in this

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

Optimizing qPlus sensor assemblies for simultaneous scanning tunneling and noncontact atomic force microscopy operation based on finite element method analysis

• Omur E. Dagdeviren and
• Udo D. Schwarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 657–666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.70

• its contact with the holder. We show evolution of k (c), f0 (d), ∆y/∆z (e) for different in-plane angles and different sets of the out-of-plane angle θ. Material properties used for finite element calculations. Since significant damping occurs only inside the quartz and, in particular, the epoxy glue

Multimodal cantilevers with novel piezoelectric layer topology for sensitivity enhancement

• Steven Ian Moore,
• Michael G. Ruppert and
• Yuen Kuan Yong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 358–371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.38

• was shown that these higher modes can be more sensitive to material properties such as elastic modulus and damping coefficients [17][18][19]. Additionally, stiff cantilevers have proven to provide high resolution imaging in ambient and liquid environments using quartz resonators [20][21]. Traditional

• aluminium is deposited on the device layer. A particular limitation of this process in the context of AFM is that it does not allow for the fabrication of tips preventing the demonstration of imaging using these cantilevers. The material properties of the silicon used in the analysis are an elastic modulus

• . This results from the relative invariance of the mode shape with material properties. Rather, the mode shape is more strongly associated with the geometric shape of the cantilever. The four cantilevers in Figure 2m–p are denoted C1, C2, C3 and C4. The piezoelectric layer on each cantilever is designed

The difference in the thermal conductivity of nanofluids measured by different methods and its rationalization

• Aparna Zagabathuni,
• Sudipto Ghosh and
• Shyamal Kumar Pabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2037–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.194

• of the nanoparticle has been set to different temperatures, namely 300 K, 320 K, 333 K and 353 K. The material properties used in the meso-continuum simulations are shown in Table 1. The heat exchange between the heat source and the particle takes place only during the collision period (∆t), which

A new approach to grain boundary engineering for nanocrystalline materials

• Shigeaki Kobayashi,
• Sadahiro Tsurekawa and
• Tadao Watanabe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1829–1849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.176

• nanocrystalline and ordinary polycrystalline materials [24][25]. More recently, Raabe et al. [27][28] proposed grain boundary segregation engineering for improvement of material properties, such as the stabilization of grains in nanocrystalline steel by carbon and solute element segregation. Kalidindi et al. [29

Precise in situ etch depth control of multilayered III−V semiconductor samples with reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) equipment

• Ann-Kathrin Kleinschmidt,
• Lars Barzen,
• Johannes Strassner,
• Christoph Doering,
• Henning Fouckhardt,
• Wolfgang Bock,
• Michael Wahl and
• Michael Kopnarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1783–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.171

• analyze interferometric data and, hence, etch depth or rate, but also to gain information on other material properties of interest. Information on surface morphology of a monocrystalline semiconductor sample can be extracted – either on an atomic scale due to specific surface reconstructions [3][5][37][38

Analysis of self-heating of thermally assisted spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory

• Austin Deschenes,
• Sadid Muneer,
• Mustafa Akbulut,
• Ali Gokirmak and
• Helena Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1676–1683, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.160

• derived using the behavior of similar alloys [10] transposed onto point data [15]. The material properties of the various common passivation materials considered [16] (Table 1) are from the element library of COMSOL for SiO2 and Si3N4, and from literature for low-temperature plasma-enhanced chemical vapor

• are extrapolated via nearest-function method for 0.6 V simulations. Insets show the flow of carriers, and implied material properties, for a given initial free and fixed magnetic layer alignment. Simulations with initially parallel (ON) free/fixed layers use parallel properties, whereas simulations

• simulated with and without thermal boundary resistance (TBR) at the passivation–Cu interfaces. Individual heat contributions from Peltier effect and tunneling around the MTJ for configuration I with SiO2 passivation material. Properties of passivation materials.a Acknowledgements The authors are thankful

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• , many studies have been carried out in vitro in order to elucidate the role of material properties in complex biological processes. It is known that micro- and nanoscale topographies of a substrate can influence cell adhesion, morphology, proliferation rate, migration velocity and directionality, gene

Biomechanics of selected arborescent and shrubby monocotyledons

• Tom Masselter,
• Tobias Haushahn,
• Samuel Fink and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1602–1619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.154

• in an atactostele in D. marginata and the dense arrangement of stiff tissues in conifers and dicotyledons. Relationships between density and the axial Young’s modulus are visualized in a material property chart (Figure 5) and thereby fill major “white spots” for biological material properties. The

• nurseries and cultivated in the Botanic Garden of the University of Freiburg. D. surculosa was also cultivated in the Botanic Garden Freiburg, whereas P. pygmaeus was cultivated at the Botanic Garden of the Technical University Dresden. Methods For measuring of the material properties three sets of

• dependence of the MoE and in the materials property chart (see below for details). To determine the radial variation of the material properties for each zone and plant, the original rectangular samples were then cut into smaller rectangular samples along the length and perpendicular to the width of the

Influence of ambient humidity on the attachment ability of ladybird beetles (Coccinella septempunctata)

• Lars Heepe,
• Jonas O. Wolff and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1322–1329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.123

• ) humidity-dependent material properties of insect cuticle and β-keratin (main constituent of gecko setae) [41][42][43][44]. In geckos, the effect of a RH on viscoelastic properties of the setal shaft was shown [13]. It was argued that with an increasing humidity the viscoelastic bulk energy dissipation

• results on ladybird beetles, at least the increase in traction forces from 15% RH to 60% RH. Two other observations may further support the hypothesis that a change in material properties with increasing humidity is responsible for at least the increase in traction forces from 15% RH to 60% RH. Voigt et

• the humidity levels were randomized for individual runs, there were some beetles that were measured first at higher humidity and then at lower humidity. In combination with relatively short durations between individual runs, those individuals, according to the idea of changing material properties

Functional diversity of resilin in Arthropoda

• Jan Michels,
• Esther Appel and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1241–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.115

• the relationship between the material properties and the hydration status of resilin mentioned above. Besides the differences in the Young’s modulus, the mechanical behaviour of the respective materials shows the pronounced differences in the material composition between the tips and the bases of

• the tip and the base, a pronounced material composition gradient was revealed by CLSM. This gradient is reflected by a pronounced gradient of the material properties: the setal tip is rather soft, whereas the setal base is relatively stiff. Both gradients were hypothesised to represent an evolutionary

An ellipsometric approach towards the description of inhomogeneous polymer-based Langmuir layers

• Falko O. Rottke,
• Burkhard Schulz,
• Klaus Richau,
• Karl Kratz and
• Andreas Lendlein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1156–1165, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.107

• dlayer represent the sample’s refractive index, absorption properties and layer thickness, respectively. With subsequent modeling of primary data, material properties such as film thickness, d, refractive index, n, or even the dielectric function, ε, may be obtained. However, for ultrathin films there is

Signal enhancement in cantilever magnetometry based on a co-resonantly coupled sensor

• Julia Körner,
• Christopher F. Reiche,
• Thomas Gemming,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Gerald Gerlach and
• Thomas Mühl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1033–1043, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.96

• latter with two out of three dimensions on the nanometer scale and therefore with low stiffness and low effective mass. Typical diameters of the iron filling are (15–30) nm and the nanotube length ranges from (15–45) μm [10][11]. The FeCNT not only features favorable geometric and material properties [12

Coupled molecular and cantilever dynamics model for frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy

• Michael Klocke and
• Dietrich E. Wolf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 708–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.63

• these models use ab initio molecular dynamics or DFT methods [2][18][19], which represent the material properties most reliably. Their computational demand is very high, though, so that the force between tip and sample surface is usually calculated for a quasistatic tip. Molecular dynamics (MD

Correlative infrared nanospectroscopic and nanomechanical imaging of block copolymer microdomains

• Benjamin Pollard and
• Markus B. Raschke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 605–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.53

• channel alone. These variations suggest that regions of multicomponent chemical composition, such as the interfacial mixing regions between microdomains, are correlated with high spatial heterogeneity in nanoscale material properties. Keywords: block copolymers, force–distance nanomechanical spectroscopy

• important complimentary information on heterogeneous material systems [9]. By measuring the force on a scanning probe tip as it interacts with the sample, material properties including friction, adhesion, deformation, modulus, and dissipation can be quantified and mapped over nanoscale distances [10][11][12

• , is sensitive to the viscoelastic properties of the sample [20]. To further quantify nanoscale material properties, we also use force–distance spectroscopy (peak force quantitative nanomechanical mapping, PF-QNM) to map spatial variations in modulus, as well as the adhesion, deformation, and

Nanoscale effects in the characterization of viscoelastic materials with atomic force microscopy: coupling of a quasi-three-dimensional standard linear solid model with in-plane surface interactions

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 554–571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.49

• microscopy (AFM) methods designed to measure surface material properties. However, current methods are based on one-dimensional (1D) descriptions of the tip–sample interaction forces, thus neglecting the intricacies involved in the material behavior of complex samples (such as soft viscoelastic materials) as

• , which can cause the material properties to vary with time and location within the sample. This paper, therefore, offers only a glimpse into the research gaps that exist in the treatment of sample material properties within AFM simulation. Viscoelasticity and the standard linear solid The standard linear

• subject to errors due to changes in material properties. In the case under consideration, the relaxed surface is located at the same position with respect to the cantilever for all simulations labeled with the same cantilever height. However, changes in the surface properties can lead to changes in the

Free vibration of functionally graded carbon-nanotube-reinforced composite plates with cutout

• Mostafa Mirzaei and
• Yaser Kiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 511–523, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.45

• as the polymeric matrix. The mechanical properties of the PMMA are Em = 2.5 GPa, νm = 0.34 and ρm = 1150 kg/m3. Reinforcement of the matrix is chosen as (10,10)-armchair SWCNT. For this kind of reinforcement, which is orthotropic, the material properties are given as = 5.6466 TPa, = 7.0800 TPa, G12

• fundamental and second symmetric modes of the frequency parameters of a unidirectional, orthotropic plate in a square platform with a centric square cutout. The material properties of the layer are E11 = 140 GPa, E22 = 3.5 GPa, G12 = 0.5 GPa, ν12 = 0.25 and ρ = 4000 kg/m3. The plate is simply supported all

Length-extension resonator as a force sensor for high-resolution frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy in air

• Hannes Beyer,
• Tino Wagner and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 432–438, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.38

• that material properties primarily change along the fast scan axis. An example of how this additional slow feedback compensates for environmental changes is shown in Figure 3. Here, consecutive scans over a period of 140 min were performed on a KBr crystal surface with a frequency shift setpoint of

High-bandwidth multimode self-sensing in bimodal atomic force microscopy

• Michael G. Ruppert and
• S. O. Reza Moheimani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 284–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.26

• between material properties [37]. The experimental results are presented in Figure 11; a plane level algorithm has been applied to the topography images. The first row represents a bimodal experiment with the OBD sensor and the second row shows bimodal imaging of the same area with the charge sensor. For

• commonly used optical lever method, promoting the potential downsizing of an AFM. In future work, the authors aim to extend this work to the point where quantitative material properties can be extracted using a multimode charge sensor. Furthermore, we aim to implement an automatic feedthrough compensation

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• their unique hybridization properties and sensitivity to perturbation during synthesis, allowing for fine manipulation of the material properties. In particular, carbon can be found in several different hybridization states, each having unique properties (Figure 3). In fact, the chemical, mechanical

Large area scanning probe microscope in ultra-high vacuum demonstrated for electrostatic force measurements on high-voltage devices

• Urs Gysin,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Thomas Schmölzer,
• Adolf Schöner,
• Sergey Reshanov,
• Holger Bartolf and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2485–2497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.258

• Fermi-level position on SiC samples is strongly affected by surface preparation and material properties [44]. Figure 6 shows a KPFM measurement of a SiC calibration sample consisting of a 2 μm thick nitrogen-doped n-type (NN = 2 × 1018 cm−3) followed by a 4 μm thick aluminium doped p-type (NAl = 1

• of NN,eff = 1.3 × 1016 cm−3. SiC JBS device structure Finally, we applied the technique to analyse the electronic structure of a complex SiC power semiconductor device. SiC material properties enable devices compatible with higher voltages and operating temperatures compared to traditional Si-based

Nanoscale rippling on polymer surfaces induced by AFM manipulation

• Mario D’Acunto,
• Franco Dinelli and
• Pasqualantonio Pingue

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2278–2289, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.234

• ][24]. The ripple formation has been found to depend on a variety of material properties such as the preparation method, the mean molar mass of the polymer, the degree of crystallinity, as well as on the scanning conditions, namely the applied force, the tip shape and size, and the relative velocity. A

• thus demonstrated that the ripples move after consecutive frames in a manner that can be considered similar to a wave packet travels in space. Additionally, they have managed to calculate the corresponding group velocity. Dependence on material properties Molecular weight (Mw): For amorphous polymers

• clearly pointed out and described. Many theoretical works and models have been also proposed up to now. Some of them can reasonably describe and predict the nanoripple formation for several experimental conditions and for some specific material properties. This represents an important improvement for the