Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.2023,14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76
], sol–gel methods [26], mechanochemistry [27], or the epoxide route [28], to name a few [29]. Among them, hydrothermal methods based on ammonium-releasing reagents (ARRs), commonly urea or hexamethylenetetramine, are especially interesting since they allow one to obtain large and highly crystalline
(Table 1). Supporting Information File 1, Table S6 compares the obtained STY values with those ones from other synthesis approaches such as co-precipitation and hydrothermal [39][40][41][65][66][67][68][69], mechanochemistry [27], and continuous flow methods [43][44].
After the limits for the scale-up of
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Scheme 1:
Right: Schematic representation of volumetric and mass scale-up approaches. Left: LDH structure hig...
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.2019,10, 1618–1627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.157
EMIM-BF4 (70 F·g−1).
Keywords: mechanochemistry; polyurethane; porous carbon; supercapacitor; waste; Introduction
Currently more than 275 million tons of plastics end up as waste every year, 12.7 million tons of which accumulate in the oceans [1][2]. This waste is mainly packaging materials such as
in a solvent-free manner [50][51][52]. Mechanochemistry is an innovative synthesis concept that can be conducted without solvents. It is cost-efficient and sustainable at the same time [53]. Mechanochemistry is well established in the field of pharmaceutical [54][55], organic [56][57][58], and
inorganic chemistry [59][60][61][62]. Mechanochemical reactions are initiated and controlled by mechanical energy, for example provided by the collisions of milling balls in high-energy ball mills. The advantages of mechanochemistry are obvious. Syntheses can be conducted without solvents [63][64], and
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Figure 1:
Upcycling approach consisting of high-energy ball milling and carbonization of a mixture of PU foam...