Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• and current best practices in nanocarrier formulation [29]. The application of experimental design in microemulsion development is well established, with several studies employing DoE strategies to obtain and optimize microemulsified systems, particularly for topical use [30][31][32][33][34]. The

• results, further studies are required to address the limitations identified, including droplet size characterization of MEgel, comprehensive cytotoxicity assessments, and wound healing assays. Overall, the developed microemulsion system represents a promising nanocarrier-based strategy for topical

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• translational hurdles, extend broadly across therapeutic contexts. Regardless of indication, many of the key challenges in standardising CNM-based drug delivery systems remain largely the same. Using carbon nanocarrier to address the global burden of cancer Cancer, a group of diseases characterised by

• improve the reproducibility and comparability of results across studies and to facilitate the regulatory approval of carbon nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems. Model therapeutics in nanocarrier development Chemotherapy drugs are designed to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells by disrupting their cell

• the incidence and severity of side effects associated with traditional chemotherapy (Table 2). There are several model anticancer therapeutics that are commonly used in nanocarrier design, such as doxorubicin or gemcitabine. By encapsulating or loading these therapeutics onto nanocarriers, researchers

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• impregnated with HA and βCp nanoemulsion. The use of βCp in practice is questioned due to its low aqueous solubility, low viscosity, extreme volatility, and sensitivity to temperature, oxygen, and light [38]. The production of a nanoemulsion was developed as a nanocarrier system designed to enhance both the

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• but also the physicochemical characteristics of the drug, the intended route of administration, the therapeutic target, and the polymer selected as the nanocarrier, which plays a critical role in determining the most appropriate fabrication technique. While drug classification by the BCS remains a

• hydrophilic polymers (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polysaccharides) or mucoadhesive agents such as chitosan, which can enhance colloidal stability, promote mucus permeation, and protect the nanocarrier from enzymatic degradation in the GIT. Such coatings have been explored to improve the pharmacokinetic

• the bloodstream through the spaces between intestinal epithelial cells. Although these junctions are tight, they provide a useful route for administering macromolecules like insulin. Chitosan, as a polymeric nanocarrier, has shown satisfactory results by increasing permeability through the reversible

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• help of aptamers. Common nanocarrier systems, including micelles, liposomes, metal nanoparticles, and solid lipid nanoparticles, demonstrate well-established fabrication protocols, yet often face challenges with in vivo stability. Emerging nanoplatforms, such as four-way junction RNA nanostructures

• , which were verified in cell experiments, subcutaneous transplanted tumors and ESCC mouse models with lung metastasis. Li et al. constructed a four-way linked RNA nanocarrier to reduce the non-tumor tissue distribution effect of most nanocarriers during drug delivery, and to exploit the significant

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• nanoparticles demonstrated stability, spherical shape, and homogeneous size distribution. The use of nanoparticles with sterol compounds associated with Ce6 yielded higher tumor inhibition rates compared to the isolated compounds, especially the nanocarrier with ergosterol, which reached a rate of 86.4% [27][64

• chemical, enzymatic, and combined extraction methods [116][117]. CN115887415 (2023) describes a methoxypoly(ethyleneglycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (mPEG-PLGA) nanocarrier containing dehydrocurvularin; the latter is the API of the formulation and exhibits sustained release. Dehydrocurvularin is a

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• enabling their precise, localized release. Recent reviews have outlined the key design parameters and clinical translation challenges associated with nanocarrier-based antimicrobial therapies, underscoring their relevance in overcoming bacterial resistance mechanisms [Xie, Y.; Liu, H.; Teng, Z.; Ma, J

• . These nanoparticles consist of a solid lipid core matrix stabilized by emulsifiers in an aqueous dispersion [70][71][72]. SLNs were developed as an alternative nanocarrier system to emulsions, liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles, combining the advantages of traditional liposomal and polymeric systems

• metalloantibiotics. For this purpose, the cobalt(III) complex 22 (Figure 5) was encapsulated into a biocompatible nanocarrier system based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-block-polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG) [144]. The resulting nanoconjugate exhibited efficient loading of the cobalt compound and demonstrated a pH

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• studies have reported similar improvements in larvicidal activity through nanocarrier systems based on botanical insecticides. For instance, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Ambrasia arborescens demonstrated markedly higher toxicity against Aedes aegypti larvae (LC50

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• shown in Figure 2C,D, no fluorescence was detected in HuDe cells, while in MCF7 cells we observed an evident, intense diffuse fluorescence at the cytoplasmatic level. The uptake only in tumor cells suggests the nanoassembly of 1 as a potential new agent for selective tumor cell imaging and nanocarrier

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• use of multiple polyamines for antisense delivery. Poly(ethylene imine). Previous studies have shown that the incorporation of cationic poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) in lipid nanocarrier formulations enhanced the cellular internalisation of ASOs and siRNA, resulting in increased transfection activity

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• enhances the survival of rhizobacteria but also promotes plant growth by providing essential nutrients. nHA emerges as a remarkable biomaterial widely embraced as a nanocarrier, primarily because of its porous structure that facilitates precise and efficient conduction and release of various materials [16

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• molecule dyes can be modulated by intramolecular rotation or intermolecular interactions [63]. By using nanocarrier encapsulation and self-assembly strategies, the water solubility and stability of organic small molecule dyes can be improved, and photobleaching can be reduced [64]. Materials that undergo

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• delivering an antidote (i.e., atropine) and functions as a synthetic esterase to hydrolyze acetylcholine. The nanocarrier was synthesized through microemulsion polycondensation of phenylboronic acid with resorcinarenes containing hydroxy, imidazole, and carboxylic groups on the upper rim. The nanocarrier

• breaks down acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid. The latter acts on the boronate bonds, dissociating them. This leads to the destruction of the nanocarrier and the release of the antidote. The paper covers the creation of the nanocarrier, its physicochemical and biological properties

• , encapsulation of the antidote, acetylcholine hydrolysis, and antidote release. Keywords: acetylcholine; antidote delivery; artificial cholinesterase; atropine; nanocarrier; resorcinarene; Introduction Cholinergic toxicity results from an excessive quantity of acetylcholine (ACh), causing muscle cramps, nausea

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• distinct liposomal variants to evaluate key nanocarrier quality attributes, including particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. These assessments were conducted at both physiological pH (7.4) and acidic pH (5), as summarized in Table 1. At physiological pH (7.4), the unmodified

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• membrane vesicles are prepared, fusion with the nanocarrier can be accomplished by several methods [20][42]. Bath sonication disrupts membranes by forming cavitation bubbles, allowing them to reassemble around the nanocarrier. Optimizing this process requires adjusting exposure time, wave frequency, and

• temperature control [36][43]. However, due to vesicle fragmentation and reassembly, achieving uniform size can be challenging [44]. Electroporation involves exposing vesicles in a microfluidic device to an electric field, creating membrane pores for nanocarrier incorporation. Key parameters, including pulse

• main solutions that biomimetics addresses (Figure 2C). This approach has demonstrated that complex nanocarrier drug delivery systems need to exhibit compatible surfaces with target cells to enhance their functional capabilities [19]. Biomimetic Nanocarriers in Human Health The field of nanocarriers for

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• core with a stable outer lipoidal shell makes these PLHNPs an excellent nanocarrier for therapeutic drug delivery and the treatment of various diseases. The amphiphilicity of biodegradable polymers and lipids promotes the encapsulation of both lipophilic as well as hydrophilic chemotherapeutic drugs

• , phospholipids help to form a carrier-like structure, which is an integral part of the system. In addition, the modification of lipoidal layers with a PEG chain provides flexibility to the nanocarrier. The ratio of the polymer and lipid can easily be adjusted to modulate the physicochemical characteristics of

• the nanocarrier and can reduce systemic toxicity [49]. Core–shell type hollow PLHNPs The core–shell type hollow PLHNPs comprise an inner hollow positively charged lipidic core, a polymeric layer in the middle, and an outer PEG lipoidal layer [50]. The inner hollow core of the system is filled with

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• ]. The EPR effect has been a cornerstone for cancer nanomedicine development, and various types of nanocarrier drug delivery systems have been developed to take advantage of this passively targeted strategy. Moreover, active targeting strategies have been developed to further improve the drug

• penetration through biological barriers, leading to the alteration of the drug’s pharmacological activity. Among them, lipid-based NPs, including liposomes, represent the most common nanocarrier platform currently used at the clinical stage for liver fibrosis treatment [21][22][23]. Nanocarrier–liver

• encapsulation of curcumin in the phosphatidylserine nanocarrier improved its in vivo retention time, while free curcumin was quickly cleared from the body. As a consequence of the altered pharmacokinetics of the curcumin nanocarrier, the accumulation of curcumin in the liver was also enhanced, confirming its

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• absorber [20]. In addition, silver (Ag) nanoparticles were synthesized from cotton fabrics and exhibited strong inhibition activity against some bacteria [21]. Recently, pure active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) composed of nanocrystals was investigated, as opposed to drug nanocarrier platforms [22

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• nowadays, since it enables both diagnosis and therapy at the same time while only using one carrier platform. Therefore, formulating a nanocarrier system that could serve as theragnostic agent by using simple techniques would be an advantage during production. In this project, we aimed to develop a

• nanocarrier that can be loaded with the chemotherapeutic medication chlorambucil and magnetic resonance imaging agents (e.g., iron oxide nanoparticles and near-infrared fluorophore IR780) for theragnostics. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) was combined with the aforementioned ingredients to generate poly(vinyl

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• been employed to produce nanoformulations of drugs for endowing a better therapeutic effect. The nanoformulations for drug delivery can be designed using nanocarrier systems, including organic materials (liposomes, nanoemulsions, nanomicelles, and nanofibers) and inorganic nanoparticles (gold, silver

• , iron oxide, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles) [4]. Additionally, nanocarrier-free systems, such as drug nanocrystals, are also used to improve the delivery of poorly soluble drugs [5][6]. In our previous study, the saturation concentration of BBR in water was 2.0 mg/mL, while BBR nanoparticles

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• these carriers with the macrophage membrane. As a result, the macrophages uptake the drug-loaded nanocarrier by phagocytosis, where they will directly act on the parasites [65][66][67]. Several types of nanosystems have been studied for carrying antileishmanial drugs, such as polymeric nanoparticles

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• marker or drug nanocarrier. Three fluorescent PDA NPs were designed to allow for tracking in three different wavelength ranges by oxidizing BSA/PDA NPs (Ox-BSA/PDA NPs) or labelling with fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate (FITC-BSA/PDA NPs) or rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RhBITC-BSA/PDA NPs). FITC-BSA/PDA NPs

• NPs) but have not been elucidated so far. In contrast to inorganic NPs [23][24], it is unclear whether ONPs can penetrate bacterial cells. Alipour et al. have shown that a 170 nm diameter liposomal nanocarrier increased the accumulation of an antibiotic (polymyxin B) in Gram-negative bacterial cells

• ]. However, the nanocarriers were not found in the bacterial cells, and the question was rarely mentioned at all. Thus, whether the increase in effectiveness of antibiotics carried by NPs is the result of the penetration of the complete nanocarrier–drug system into bacteria or rather an effect of the

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• been applied to treat prostate cancer [56]. This nanoagent shows good drug-loading capacity and photosensitivity and can be applied in NIR photothermal conversion. After the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) was loaded onto the nanocarrier, it was coated with prostate cancer cell membrane for tumor

• nanocarrier was encapsulated with a cancer cell membrane, which endowed the NPs with the ability to target tumor tissues and mediate tumor killing through chemical kinetics [83]. In addition, further anticancer effects can be exerted by the ginsenoside Rh2, which was delivered by nanocarriers and inhibited

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• Pang and co-workers. Clinical studies point to the serious toxicity of conventional application, which might be mitigated with nanotools for co-delivery of therapy for the dual inhibition of VEGF and EGFR pathways. The designed nanocarrier was composed of a polycaprolactone core with bevacizumab and

• )-functionalized nanoporous silica particles loaded with a poly(ʟ-glutamic acid) pH-cleavable linker–doxorubicin conjugate, which self-assembles into NPs after its release from the iNPG [114]. Li et al. designed a multistage nanocarrier for NSCLC targeting, composed of icotinib-loaded amphiphilic chitosan micelles