Cross-scale design of chemosensor arrays: from molecular self-assembly in water to paper-based devices for metal ion detection

• Yui Sasaki and
• Tsuyoshi Minami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 828–838, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.59

• ions in various water environments across microscopic and macroscopic scales. Keywords: chemosensor; metal ion; paper device; pattern recognition; self-assembly; Introduction Metal ions are essential species in biological systems; however, heavy metal ions act as pollutants and can damage organs and

• processed using imaging analysis to extract color information (e.g., RGB values) and further analyzed using pattern-recognition methods. Indeed, each chemosensor on the paper device showed different colorimetric responses to metal ions, indicating the fingerprint-like patterns containing multidimensional