On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets

• Keith R. Paton,
• Konstantinos Despotelis,
• Naresh Kumar,
• Piers Turner and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 509–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.42

• prepare the mixed GNPref/graphite samples, 1.2 mg of the as-purchased graphite was mixed with 40 mL of NMP, and the mixture bath was sonicated for 30 min. Sonication was carried out to reduce the particle size while still maintaining the thickness to be graphite-like [29]. The graphite and GNPref

Specific absorption rate of randomly oriented magnetic nanoparticles in a static magnetic field

• Ruslan A. Rytov and
• Nikolai A. Usov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.39

• magnetic field, shown in Figure 5b, are presented in Figure 5с. The particle size distribution for this assembly is given in Figure 5d. It is easy to see that in the given case only particles located in a small cylindrical region near the FFP with a radius of about 1 cm are capable of effectively absorbing

• the energy of the ac magnetic field. Furthermore, near the FFP the assembly SAR reaches 200 W/g. However, if the assembly of nanoparticles contains a large fraction of nanoparticles with the particle size distribution shown in Figure 5f, the spatial SAR distribution near the FFP changes. Figure 5e

Mixed oxides with corundum-type structure obtained from recycling can seals as paint pigments: color stability

• Dienifer F. L. Horsth,
• Julia de O. Primo,
• Nayara Balaba,
• Fauze J. Anaissi and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 467–477, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.37

• a color change with increasing particle size from brighter yellow-green to darker blue-green [14]. Usually, chromium oxide pigments are synthesized starting from dichromats with chromium in the oxidation state +6, which are toxic [15]. However, using boehmite as a host matrix, the opportunity arises

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• where the incident electric field is assumed to be spatially uniform. This assumption is valid only for wavelengths much larger than the particle size. The extinction cross section, which is the result of this modelling and which is an expression summing up absorption and scattering of the incident

• coefficient (σext) is introduced as: where Cext is the extinction cross section. On substituting for the polarizability, the final expression for the extinction cross section [57] for a spherical particle interacting with light is arrived at as where a and εm are the particle size and dielectric constant of

• Electron–electron scattering is followed by electron–phonon coupling and heat transfer to the surrounding [71][72]. These non-radiative decay processes specifically concern PT applications. Electron–phonon coupling, which reduces with decreasing particle size, and electron–surface scattering, which rises

Quercetin- and caffeic acid-functionalized chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles: one-pot synthesis, characterization, and anticancer and antibacterial activities

• Akif Hakan Kurt,
• Elif Berna Olutas,
• Fatma Avcioglu,
• Hamza Karakuş,
• Mehmet Ali Sungur,
• Cansu Kara Oztabag and
• Muhammet Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.31

• fitting. Figure 4c indicates the size distribution of both samples. The average particle size of the Ch/Q-Ag NPs was calculated as 11.2 ± 2.4 nm, whereas it was found to be 10.3 ± 2.4 nm for the Ch/CA-Ag NPs. To visualize the organic shell structure that covers the Ag NPs, which is difficult to display in

• potentials, both regarding sign and numbers, clearly reveals that the stability of the NPs has changed significantly. Various studies have reported that in cell culture medium, there are pH-induced changes of NP conformation, particle size, stability, and functionality. Therefore, the nature of the cell

• and shape distribution with these co-capping agents. TEM images revealed that both Ch/Q- and Ch/CA-Ag NPs were spherical. When the size distributions were examined, the mean particle size of Ch/Q-Ag NPs was 11.2 ± 2.4 nm, and that of Ch/Q-Ag NPs was 10.3 ± 2.4 nm. Furthermore, TEM images of Ch/Q-Ag

The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy

• Yao Yao,
• Yeongun Ko,
• Grant Grasman,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30

• not be as definitive as the solid-state particle distributions. Mobile solution phase particle size distributions (individual and ensemble analysis) In most instances, it will be valuable to assess the hydrodynamic size of the NPs. First, a quantification of the central tendency of the diameter or

• solution available at present. In the interim, with no “silver bullet” method available, there is likely great benefit in a quantification regime that may allow the key dosing values to be obtained through a combination of complementary methods (i.e., individual particle size distribution measurements

Bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts for the remediation of antibiotics and organic dyes

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo and
• Faisal Suleiman Mustafa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 291–321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.26

• nanodots), dimension, and particle size of the photocatalyst. Functional properties such as bandgap, optoelectronic properties, surface area, photoresponse, and magnetic properties depend on particle size and morphology of Bi-based photocatalysts. For instance, the charge diffusion path can be decreased by

• at a lower cost. The most frequently used wet-chemical techniques are hydrothermal and co-precipitation techniques. Morphology, particle size, and composition can be easily adjusted using hydrothermal methods, whereas agglomeration and particle size can be controlled using the co-precipitation method

Biocatalytic synthesis and ordered self-assembly of silica nanoparticles via a silica-binding peptide

• Mustafa Gungormus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 280–290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.25

• were observed regarding particle size or morphology depending on the SiBP concentration when SiBP was used alone as catalyst (Figure 2). At all concentrations, 17–20 nm particles were obtained with polydispersity indices (PDI) of 0.027, 0.050, and 0.010 for 0.04, 0.40, and 1 mM SiBP, respectively

• possible that SiBP binding to the particles results in the negligible effect on reaction rate and yield. All groups containing NH3 yielded spherical submicrometer particles characteristic to the Stöber method (Figure 3a–d). However, a decrease in average particle size and size distribution was observed

• observed around 457 nm (Figure 5e). The position and the width of the absorbance peaks in the UV–vis spectroscopy are determined by the Bragg diffraction of the light in photonic crystal structures and depend on the particle size, extent of the periodicity (i.e., quality of the assembly), and the angle of

Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of functionalized textile by nanoarchitectured photoinduced Ag@polymer coating

• Jessica Plé,
• Marine Dabert,
• Helene Lecoq,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Lydie Ploux and
• Lavinia Balan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 95–109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.11

• is denser than in the case of PEG600DA diacrylate monomer, which ultimately limits not only the increase in particle size but also the migration/diffusion of silver ions and NPs towards the surface. This affects the final thickness of the top metal layer, the depth of the concentration gradient and

Solvent-induced assembly of mono- and divalent silica nanoparticles

• Bin Liu,
• Etienne Duguet and
• Serge Ravaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 52–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.6

• patch made of grafted polystyrene chains. The multistage synthesis allows for a fine control of the patch-to-particle size ratio from 0.23 to 0.57. The assembly of the patchy nanoparticles can be triggered by reducing the solvent quality for the polystyrene chains. Dimers or trimers can be obtained by

• tuning the patch-to-particle size ratio. When mixed with two-patch nanoparticles, one-patch nanoparticles control the length of the resulting chains by behaving as colloidal chain stoppers. The present strategy allows for future elaboration of novel colloidal structures by controlled assembly of

• nanoparticles. Keywords: assembly; chain stopper; patchy nanoparticles; patch-to-particle size ratio; self-assembly; Introduction Colloidal engineering has become an enormous research endeavor, with a major focus placed on creating increasingly scalable smart particles, such that desired structures can be

Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition

• Mykhailo Nahorniak,
• Pamela Pasetto,
• Jean-Marc Greneche,
• Volodymyr Samaryk,
• Sandy Auguste,
• Anthony Rousseau,
• Nataliya Nosova and
• Serhii Varvarenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 11–22, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.2

• a temperature range of 25–900 °С (heating rate of 10 °C/min, N2 flux 80 mL/min). Before the TGA measurements, the nanoparticles were dried under vacuum at 50 °C. The average particle size was processed using the ImageJ software. The thickness of the organic shell of the stabilizer on the particle

Non-stoichiometric magnetite as catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol and 2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol – a new approach in water treatment

• Joanna Kisała,
• Anna Tomaszewska and
• Przemysław Kolek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1531–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.126

• forms a porous structure. There is a disparity in the particle sizes measured with SEM and XRD, because the particle sizes detected using these two techniques are not in the same orientation, and the terms "particle size" and "crystal size" refer to different concepts (a particle may contain several or

• only one crystallite) [26]. The particle size can be calculated from the XRD measurements using the Scherrer equation (Equation 1). The sizes of the crystal structures are determined by analyzing the diffraction intensity of the X-ray beams. The lines in a powder diffraction pattern have a finite width

• , but the lines are wider than usual if the particles are small (widening decreases as the particle size increases). Line broadening is used to estimate the mean particle size, but peak broadening may have many causes other than crystal size. Widening of the diffraction peaks can result from both

In search of cytotoxic selectivity on cancer cells with biogenically synthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles

• Mitzi J. Ramírez-Hernández,
• Mario Valera-Zaragoza,
• Omar Viñas-Bravo,
• Ariana A. Huerta-Heredia,
• Miguel A. Peña-Rico,
• Erick A. Juarez-Arellano,
• David Paniagua-Vega,
• Eduardo Ramírez-Vargas and
• Saúl Sánchez-Valdes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1505–1519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.124

• /AgCl-T100 at 562 nm. For AgNPs, the maximum absorption signal is typically in the range of 400–500 nm [31]. Absorption trends at longer wavelengths are associated with increasing particle size [35][36]. It is also evident from Figure 4 that the absorption peak for the reaction at 100 °C (Ag/AgCl-T100

• between the reducing biocompounds and the precursor salt. Concomitantly, the particle size increases, as shown by the trend of images a2–d2 in Figure 6. However, the particle size distribution also increases because the higher the reaction rate, the greater the formation of silver crystals of different

Hydroxyapatite–bioglass nanocomposites: Structural, mechanical, and biological aspects

• Olga Shikimaka,
• Mihaela Bivol,
• Bogdan A. Sava,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Christu Tardei,
• Beatrice G. Sbarcea,
• Daria Grabco,
• Constantin Pyrtsac,
• Daria Topal,
• Andrian Prisacaru,
• Vitalie Cobzac and
• Viorel Nacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1490–1504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.123

• dispersion medium, all of analytical purity; the sol–gel method was described elsewhere [36] (method I - HAG 1b). After the calcination at 900 °C for 2 h, the samples were ground to obtain the HAG powder of about 55 nm particle size. The bioglass composition is presented in Table 1. The samples were prepared

Rapid and sensitive detection of box turtles using an electrochemical DNA biosensor based on a gold/graphene nanocomposite

• Abu Hashem,
• M. A. Motalib Hossain,
• Ab Rahman Marlinda,
• Mohammad Al Mamun,
• Khanom Simarani and
• Mohd Rafie Johan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1458–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.120

•  2a, the wrinkled area represents folded Gr sheets [52]. In Figure 2b, octahedron-like gold particles [53] are clearly visible in the corresponding FESEM image. The particle size of AuNPs seems to be larger than expected, which may be due to self-aggregation during the formation of the nanocomposite

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• -LNPs with optimized particle size and polydispersity index (PDI), and then mixed BDP with Au-LNPs to obtain both Au- and BDP-grafted LNPs (AB-LNPs). The physiochemical characteristics, the photothermal properties, and the stabilities of AB-LNPs were studied in detail. The cellular uptake efficiency and

• mean particle size and zeta potential of the samples in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS over a period of 7 days. Samples were collected at specific time points to monitor the changes in particle size and zeta potential. In vitro drug release properties of AB-LNPs The

• scalable. Therefore, we chose method A to prepare AB-LNPs for further studies. Optimizing composition to prepare AB-LNPs The properties of Au-LNPs were closely related to the DSPE-DTPA/Au3+ molar ratio [8]. Mean particle size and PDI of Au-LNPs varied with the change of the DSPE-DTPA/Au3+ molar ratio. No

Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics

• Sedat Ünal,
• Osman Doğan and
• Yeşim Aktaş

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115

• kinetics studies of the nanoparticular drug delivery system were carried out. It can be a detailed source and inspiration for possible future research in this area. Results and Discussion In vitro characterization of DCX-PLGA NPs and CS/DCX-PLGA NPs Mean particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta

• potential of blank and DCX-loaded NPs are presented in Table 1. The mean particle size of the PLGA NPs was found to be in the range of 247.5–309.6 nm and the PDI ranged from 0.241 to 0.362, which is in the acceptable range (PDI < 0.4) for nanoparticular drug delivery systems [41]. The zeta potentials of

• blank and drug-loaded PLGA NPs were found to be −22.4 and −26.1 mV, respectively, while those of CS-coated PLGA NPs were +29.6 and +24.4 mV, respectively. As shown in Table 1, the CS coating on the NPs increased the particle size. The main reason of the increase in particle size is the electrostatic

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• surfactant-free hydrothermal technique [55]. According to the results, the pH value has a significant impact on shape, surface area, particle size, and V–O bond length. The grain size was reduced when the pH value was raised, and the crystal structure became more closely stacked. Under visible-light

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• broad particle size distribution, which was observed to be in the range of 2–80 μm. The polydispersity due to evaporation in the spark helps to select particles of suitable diameter size. The evaporation of sparks is a universal process that can be applied to basically all metals suitable as electrodes

• by preparing colloidal gold particles with a particle size of about 30 nm and combining them with monoclonal antibodies to CAP to prepare burst probes. When there is a test substance in the sample, the test substance competes with the antigen wrapped on the chromatography paper to produce a red

Roll-to-roll fabrication of superhydrophobic pads covered with nanofur for the efficient clean-up of oil spills

• Patrick Weiser,
• Robin Kietz,
• Marc Schneider,
• Matthias Worgull and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1228–1239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.102

• directly in a combined machinery. For the structuring of the PP film, schematically shown in Figure 1b, the roller serving as structuring tool was prepared in two steps. First, it was sandblasted with cast iron particles with a diameter of 0.8–1.2 mm and afterwards with white corundum with a particle size

• (PE), and polycarbonate (PC), we obtained the best results by sandblasting the roller first with 0.8–1.2 mm cast iron particles and subsequently with white corundum with a particle size of 53–75 µm. For polylactide (PLA), smaller corundum particles with a size of 8–10 µm had to be used for the second

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

• Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
• Nguyen Duy Dat,
• Le-Minh Tam and
• Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

• , Vietnam 10.3762/bjnano.13.94 Abstract Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were successfully synthesized by a green method using rosin and zinc chloride as salt precursors. The phase structure, morphology, and particle size of ZnO were determined by X-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning

• maximum (FWHM). The morphology and size of ZnO NPs were illustrated using FESEM and HRTEM. The FESEM image shown in Figure 4 indicates that ZnO NPs have a relatively homogeneous size. The HR-TEM results and particle size distributions obtained from the HR-TEM images are shown in Figure 5. The HR-TEM

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• will emit radiation when different wavelengths are projected. However, at high hydrothermal temperatures, uniformity of the particle size of the CD prevents the wavelength from being influenced by the excitation wavelength. The surface states are another factor. It is well known that surface functional

• fast, low-cost, and convenient cancer imaging applications. The particle size of the CDs was 10.14 nm as calculated by TEM [64]. Zhai et al. compared different synthetic methods to find the most suitable route to obtain fluorescent CDs from the green precursor Setcreasea purpurea boom [66]. The

• though they have the same chemical surface groups and particle size distribution, they both have varying levels of surface oxidation. The emission wavelength moved from 518 to 543 nm as the degree of surface oxidation increased, which gives an indication about the reduction of band gap between LUMO and

Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction activity of AgCoCu oxides on reduced graphene oxide in alkaline media

• Iyyappan Madakannu,
• Indrajit Patil,
• Bhalchandra Kakade and
• Kasibhatta Kumara Ramanatha Datta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1020–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.89

• limiting current density (JL) of 3.6 mA·cm−2 at 1600 rpm under alkaline conditions. Particle size, composition, and exposure to active sites of the catalyst are important features of ORR electrocatalysis that need to be optimized to obtain the highest mass activity and electron transfer value (n ≈ 4

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• . Measurement of size and zeta-potential Particle size and size distribution were measured based on dynamic light scattering using a ZetaSizer® Ultra (Malvern Panalytics, Malvern, United Kingdom). 50 µL of GNP dispersion was diluted 20-fold, the pH was adjusted to 7.5, and the samples were measured in the

Nanoarchitectonics of the cathode to improve the reversibility of Li–O₂ batteries

• Hien Thi Thu Pham,
• Jonghyeok Yun,
• So Yeun Kim,
• Sang A Han,
• Jung Ho Kim,
• Jong-Won Lee and
• Min-Sik Park

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 689–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.61

• distinctive formation mechanisms of the parental ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 particles. Under the same synthesis conditions, the particle size of ZIF-8 is always smaller than that of ZIF-67. This is because the formation of ZIF-67 is proceeded by a fast one-step growth mechanism while ZIF-8 is formed by a slower two