Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• thiourea PEG thiol chain; the particles also feature COOH-terminated PEG chains (Figure 1). We used a typical standard PEG coating on AuNPs, again with COOH termini (PEG AuNPs) for comparison. Here, and in the following, we use the established term “polyethylene glycol” (PEG) to designate our relatively

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• nanoparticle formulation is polyethylene glycol-modified (i.e., PEGylated) lipids (PEG lipids), which can significantly influence the stability, cell interactions, and overall effectiveness of LNP delivery vehicles. This review collates insights into the role of PEG lipids in LNPs by illustrating how the PEG

• encapsulate and protect a variety of drug substances, thereby enhancing their stability and therapeutic efficacy within biological systems [1]. LNPs are currently composed of ionizable lipids, helper lipids, sterols, and polyethylene glycol-modified (i.e., PEGylated) lipids (PEG lipids); each of these

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• emerging area of catalysis utilizes the ability of piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy for subsequent electrochemical reactions [13]. Liu et al. suggested that ultrathin Ni/Fe-LDH modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) for better water solubility and

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• polymers are classified based on their chemical composition and include polyesters, polyamides, polyethylene glycol derivatives, and responsive polymers, among others. The most frequently used polymers as oral nanocarriers include poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and

• copolymers and polyethylene glycol, as these materials tend to self-assemble into micelles or stable nanostructures when exposed to concentration gradients in aqueous solutions. Preformed polymer-based methods stand out for their simplicity, reproducibility, and regulatory compliance, reinforcing their

• hydrophilic polymers (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polysaccharides) or mucoadhesive agents such as chitosan, which can enhance colloidal stability, promote mucus permeation, and protect the nanocarrier from enzymatic degradation in the GIT. Such coatings have been explored to improve the pharmacokinetic

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• tumor targeting; and (4) PEGylation of aptamers, where polyethylene glycol (PEG) is covalently linked to aptamers, typically via amino, thiol, or carboxyl groups introduced at the 5′ or 3′ end (Figure 5). This PEGylation increases the molecular weight of the drug complex, potentially exceeding the renal

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• through their targeted mechanism [62]. Patent CN115252560 (2022) describes self-assembled nanoparticles composed of berberine, lonidamine, and gambogic acid in a 3:1:4 ratio, all acting as APIs, encapsulated with vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate (VE-TPGS), an excipient, for stability. Berberis

• polyethylene glycol, optionally combined with chitosan or polyvinyl alcohol, and an anticancer agent such as cisplatin, doxorubicin, or temozolomide. The characterization of this technology involved

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• during synthesis, making them adaptable for different drug delivery needs [59][60][61]. Surface modifications, such as the incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) or specific targeting ligands, are commonly used to enhance liposome circulation time and promote targeted drug delivery. These

• metalloantibiotics. For this purpose, the cobalt(III) complex 22 (Figure 5) was encapsulated into a biocompatible nanocarrier system based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-block-polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG) [144]. The resulting nanoconjugate exhibited efficient loading of the cobalt compound and demonstrated a pH

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEGylation can significantly improve liposome stability, prolong circulation time and reduce clearance through the reticuloendothelial system [118][127]. PEGylated liposomes, also known as stealth liposomes, have been shown to have a higher drug loading capacity and better

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• applications. It forms crosslinked gels and responds to changes in pH and temperature [93]. To escape the RES, ovalbumin nanoparticles are conjugated with polyethylene glycol. Controlling the PEG/OVA ratio allows for fine-tuning of critical physical properties, such as particle size, elasticity, and mesh size

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• at Sigma-Aldrich. D-Lin-MC3-DMA and C12-200 were obtained from GKV Bio. 1,2-Dimyristoyl-rac-glycero-3-methoxypolyethylene glycol-2000 (DMG-PEG(2000)), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[biotinyl(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• specifically designed for the diagnosis and inhibition of AβOs. One example of this innovative approach is demonstrated by Viola et al., who designed mono-dispersed nitro-dopamine (nDOPA)- and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-stabilized magnetic nanostructures (MNSs) in a size range of 12–16 nm. The surface of these

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• of PLG (DP = 20) in the development of a novel gene delivery system. In this study, surface-modified complexes were designed using PLG as a backbone to which polyethylene glycol (PEG, Mw = 5, 10, and 20 kDa) or epidermal growth factor (EGF) were conjugated [101]. This approach aimed to enhance the

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• , labor-intensive, and require specialized technical expertise. This study developed a novel colorimetric method for the selective and sensitive detection of SDS, utilizing polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone nanoparticles (PEG–PCL NPs) synthesized via a ring-opening polymerization approach. The

• using PEG–PCL NPs. Thus, this study is the first of its kind to develop a colorimetric/spectrometric detection system for anionic surfactants. Materials and Methods Materials Methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG5000, Cat. No. 81323), ε-caprolactone (Cat. No. 704067), stannous octoate (Cat. No. S3252

• 0.1% (w/v). In order to make sensitive detection of SDS, various metals such as Al3+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Pb2+, Fe3+, Co2+, and As3+, each at a final concentration of 1 ppm were included in the study. The reaction mixture consisted of 400 μL of polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone (PEG

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• assessed with a similar approach in a newly designed synthetic mucus hydrogel barrier system. The authors used differently sized polystyrene nanoparticles with polyethylene glycol (PEG) modifications. PEGylated nanoparticles exhibited better penetration than non-PEGylated formulations, regardless of the

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• , temozolomide (TMZ), a drug used for the treatment of anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), was incorporated into multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a MWCNTs–graphene (MWCNTs-G) hybrid compound, covalently functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and folic acid (FA), with an

• group was the first one that incorporated TMZ in multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs), and their hybrid with graphene (MWCNT-G), non-covalently functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG), and pointed to their suitability for targeted and controlled brain delivery, based on their physicochemical and

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• membrane constructs [58]. Regarding materials for coating nanoparticles, a variety of hydrophilic polymers are available [30]. The most prevalent technique involves the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG). It provides biological protection against proteolysis and improved biocompatibility, metabolism, and

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and chitosan (CHS), provides structural integrity, controlled release properties, and protection against premature degradation [14][15]. This hybrid structure improves the encapsulation efficiency of phytochemicals/drugs

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• stabilized with tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) were proposed against Alzheimer’s disease. TPGS, a water-soluble precursor of vitamin E, was used in the formulation to reduce the amyloid-beta-induced oxidative stress [114]. In vivo tests on Wistar rats highlighted that the mucoadhesive

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• strategies to produce colloidally stable NP dispersions with retained targeting capacity have been widely investigated [17][18][19][20][21]. While a panel of molecules (e.g., polyethylene glycol, zwitterionics, glycans, aptamers) can improve the stability of NPs in biological media by preventing the

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• through surface coating of the inorganic core with small molecules, such as glutathione (GSH), glucose, low molecular-weight polyethylene glycol (PEG), and various short peptides, among others [60][61][62][63]. This characteristic stands in sharp contrast to conventional large NPs, which often necessitate

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• decoration with polyethylene glycol (PEG) may minimalize the uptake of nanocarriers by Kupffer cells, and such PEGylated nanocarriers are likely taken up by hepatocytes [36][37][38][39]. Besides augmenting hydrophilicity through PEGylation, stealth properties could be endowed to the nanocarriers through a

• the antifibrosis compound myricetin in pro-liposome nanocarriers to improve its solubility, stability, and low oral bioavailability [57]. As illustrated in Figure 3, the surface modification of pro-liposome with ᴅ-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (vitamin E-TPGS) enhanced the stability

• complexation and cholesterol–polyethylene glycol–vitamin A as a helper lipoid. In the in vitro evaluation, the nanocarrier showed enhanced cellular uptake in HSCs-T6 cells, nine times higher than that in macrophages, displaying specific targeting to HSCs that could avoid phagocytosis by macrophages. These

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• folate (FA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) onto the alginic acid backbone. These compounds can be utilized in the encapsulation of doxorubicin (DOX) by coating with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), as shown in Figure 3A. When DOX-loaded UCNP-Al-NH-PEG-NH-FA was used, an effective encapsulation

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• bigger for in vivo studies where the experiments are often performed over longer periods. Discussions about how the size and charge of NPs contribute to biodistribution and pharmacokinetics have been ongoing for many years. Such discussions often focus on the properties of attached polyethylene glycol

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• and coassembled with a CUR layer on their surface. Then, CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs were obtained by further modification with MnO2 and polyethylene glycol (PEG), which increased the stability and dispersion of the CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs (Figure 1). MnO2 is difficult to degrade under physiological conditions in vivo

• permanganate (KMnO4), acetonitrile, ethylene glycol (EG), triethylamine (TEA), curcumin (CUR), bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) disulfide (HPS), hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 2-(N-morpholino) taurine (MES) were obtained from Shanghai Rhawn Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• = guanidinonaltrindole, 12 = semagacestat, 13 = huprine X, 14= carproctamide, 15= tacrine, 16 = tramiprosate, 17 = preladenant, 18 = piracetam, 19 = istradefylline, and 20 = rivastigmine. These systems include the following coating agents: PEG = polyethylene glycol, PVP = polyvinylpyrrolidone, PPF = propylammonium