Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• evaluate the solubility of PpIX in distinct solvent systems to support the development of novel pharmaceutical formulations. The shake-flask method was employed, using purified water, 50% ethanol (EtOH50), 77% ethanol (EtOH77), absolute ethanol (EtOHabs), and polymeric systems containing 10% (w/w

• ; protoporphyrin IX; shake-flask; solubility test; Introduction Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapeutic modality that has raised keen interest in the treatment of various conditions including cancer and microbial infections [1][2]. This non-invasive treatment combines a photosensitizer (PS), a

• systems were refrigerated for 24 h and homogenized for 30 min prior to the addition of PpIX [19][20]. Equilibrium solubility The solubility of PpIX disodium salt was determined using the shake-flask method. Aliquots of 10 to 25 mg of PpIX were added to 25 mL of aqueous, hydroalcoholic (EtOH50, EtOH77