Development of Protium heptaphyllum essential oil-loaded nanocapsules: experimental design and biological activity

• Debora Freitas Silva,
• Kaidy Giselle Orellana,
• Allessya Lara Dantas Formiga,
• Jin Wang,
• Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade,
• Aline Collares Valente Pinheiro,
• Maria Izabel de Jesus,
• Francisco Canindé Ferreira de Luna,
• Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira,
• Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira,
• Francisco Humberto Xavier Junior,
• Emmanuel Abraham Ho and
• Marcele Fonseca Passos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 974–990, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.67

• nanoparticles, which favors direct bacterial contact and may contribute to sustained release of active constituents [50]. The release profile of such systems is influenced by factors such as polymer composition, shell thickness, and interactions between the encapsulated compound and the carrier matrix

• -inflammatory capacity of fibroblasts. Similarly, the absence of IFN-γ changes suggest no excessive type-1 immune activation under the tested conditions. Nanoencapsulation may enhance the bioavailability and potential sustained release of EO compounds, which in turn could lead to higher concentrations in target

Nanocarrier strategies to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in cancer therapy

• Andreina Quevedo-Enríquez,
• Katty Yi Zhang,
• Denisse Yajaira Enriquez,
• Byron Raul Inapanta,
• Roxana Noemí Peroni and
• Christian Rafael Quijia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 882–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.64

• . Similarly, Cao et al. [105] conducted a comparative analysis of nanospheres versus nanocapsules, demonstrating that nanospheres offer superior sustained-release capabilities, whereas nanocapsules provide higher protection for labile drugs. These recent investigations provide contemporary support for the

• nanocapsules provide structural stability and sustained release, advances in polymer chemistry have enabled the design of stimuli-responsive and multifunctional polymeric nanocarriers capable of engaging tumor-specific triggers and actively reversing P-gp-mediated drug resistance. Polymeric nanoparticles can

Nanoparticle delivery systems for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): advances and challenges

• Sonia Zahara and
• Björn M. Reinhard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 839–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.60

• ), ensuring rapid availability of FTC after vaginal administration followed by a sustained release of both drugs, but especially of TDF, for up to several hours [64]. Although this platform does not involve active targeting or systemic delivery, it still highlights the versatility of lipid-based nanocarriers

• suspension. Ex vivo skin permeation of the LPV-SNL gel demonstrated sustained release with ≈71% drug release over 12 h compared to nearly complete release (≈98%) at the end of 10 h for the plain LPV gel. Cmax and AUC were also higher for the LPV-SLN gel when topically applied in rats compared to plain LPV

• , ease of functionalization, innate biocompatibility, and potential for targeted delivery to immune cells make LBNPs an interesting class of nanocarriers for the development of LA-PrEP strategies, especially if continuous sustained release can be accomplished with polymeric materials in hybrid systems

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• biodistribution while protecting fragile biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids [11]. Through targeted and sustained release, these systems enhance therapeutic efficacy, prolong circulation, and reduce systemic toxicity compared to conventional formulations [12][13]. As illustrated in Figure 1

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• potential suitability for subsequent applications. The observed discontinuities could act as preferential sites for accelerated diffusion and burst release of encapsulated compounds, potentially compromising a sustained release profile while being advantageous for applications requiring an initial burst. To

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• physically encapsulates hydrophobic compounds, enabling sustained release. Zein is considered safe and can self-assemble into NPs with various structures, depending on the solvents and processing conditions used [151], as shown in Table 3. The characteristics of zein enable its NPs to move slowly through the

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• chemical, enzymatic, and combined extraction methods [116][117]. CN115887415 (2023) describes a methoxypoly(ethyleneglycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (mPEG-PLGA) nanocarrier containing dehydrocurvularin; the latter is the API of the formulation and exhibits sustained release. Dehydrocurvularin is a

• -molecule drugs, including methotrexate (MTX) and doxorubicin (DOX), and divalent cations like calcium (Ca2+). Alginate is a cross-linked polymeric network derived from algae and shows potential for cancer treatment due to its improved bioavailability, sustained release, and environmentally benign

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• analysis supported small and narrow-sized cationic functionalized nanoparticles. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images showed nanoparticles with a spherical and smooth shape. The stability of tested formulations was accessed for six weeks, and the sustained release of proteins

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• significantly reduced by the aerosol application. Collectively, in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that these nanoparticles achieve sustained release of the active drug species over several days, leading to a notable survival advantage in mouse infection models with only two doses. This sustained release

• coatings also exhibited excellent biocompatibility, elasticity, hydration, and bioadhesion properties [106]. Encapsulation into SLNs was also used to enhance antibacterial activity and achieve sustained release of the silver–furosemide (FSE) complex 8 (Figure 3) [107]. Although the free complex showed

• into SLNs resulted in sustained release of complex 8 over a 96-hour period. Additionally, the antibacterial activity was significantly improved, with a twofold increase against P. aeruginosa and a fourfold increase against S. aureus. These findings suggest that Ag-FSE-loaded SLNs hold promise for the

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• method for clinical liposome formulations is the thin film hydration/Bangham technique [113]. DepoFoam liposome technology utilizes a proprietary liposome formulation that can be administered by injection and provides sustained release of the encapsulated drug over an extended period. DepoFoam liposomes

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• as brain, liver, spleen, lungs, arterial walls for both immediate and sustained release. Their degradation and release kinetics can be controlled or manipulated by different methods and incorporation or conjugation of specific materials. Importantly, they mainly focus on different biomaterials, drug

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• . Therefore, the optimal SLN formulation APT-CD-NP4 is a promising tool for oral administration with sustained release to improve the bioavailability of the BCS class-IV drug APT. Keywords: aprepitant; β-cyclodextrin; pharmacokinetic study; poloxamer; solid lipid nanoparticles; Introduction Cancer is a

• than the poloxamer 407-based formulations in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) and 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2). The optimal SLN formulation APT-CD-NP4 is a promising tool for oral sustained-release dosage in order to improve the bioavailability of the BCS class-IV drug APT. Solubility analysis of APT and APT

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• mechanical capabilities, while improving blood clotting as demonstrated by reduced whole blood coagulation time. This study also indicated a sustained release of CHD over 8 h, with a faster drug release rate in an acidic environment. These properties highlight the dressing’s potential for effective

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• polymer enables drug release by diffusion [21]. Eudragit RS30D is the 30% aqueous dispersion of Eudragit RS100, which is promptly used as coating material [22] or within formulations of drug delivery systems with sustained release characteristics [23]. Although the mucoadhesion of this polymer is known

• negatively charged alginate nanoparticles were then coated with positively charged Eudragit RS100 with the intent of obtaining mucoadhesive nanoparticles with sustained release properties. The characterization of the delivery system was studied in terms of charge, size, encapsulation efficiency, and release

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• efficient sustained release. These nanofibers also exhibit better stability, which are vital properties in drug delivery systems [183][184]. These superior properties have gained recent attention for enhancing the functional performance of chitosan-based nanofibers. Core–shell chitosan nanofibers have been

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• suitable for crossing the BBTB and targeting brain cancer cells. A biphasic drug release profile was observed for all functionalized TMZ-loaded formulations in simulated in vivo conditions, with a sustained release pointing to the potential for controlled release of TMZ in brain tumor cells. The

• the same TMZ-loaded CNs was performed using PEG1500, PEG4000, and PEG6000, sustained release over extended periods of time was also observed, with no significant difference in the drug release profile between the different PEGylated formulations. Therefore, in the current study, PEG6000 was used for

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• effectiveness [34][35]. In addition, conventional delivery systems often cannot provide controlled or sustained release of phytochemicals, leading to fluctuating plasma levels. These fluctuations can result in suboptimal therapeutic effects and increased side effects. Lack of controlled release is particularly

• yields a natural vehicle for drug delivery, and these nanocarriers can easily escape the uptake by macrophages. In this system, the drugs are encapsulated in the lipophilic polymeric core, and the lipids in the outer natural membrane enhance the sustained release of drugs. With the development of these

• . This leads to improved bioavailability and allows for sustained release of the encapsulated therapeutic agents [64][65][66]. The advantages of PEGylated PLHNPs include enhanced biocompatibility and reduced immunogenicity. The PEG layer creates a hydrophilic barrier around the nanoparticles, which

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• sustain the medicine or gene effect in targeted tissues. This sustained release of medication extends the duration of the effect of the drug, ensuring optimal treatment efficacy. Additionally, biopolymeric nanoparticles can carry various functional groups on their surface enabling targeted drug delivery

• NPs, yielding sustained release of the medicine and promising results as a transmucosal DDSs for hydrophobic medicines. Another enhanced cancer drug delivery system was developed by Iranian scientists. They conceived a nanoparticles-in-nanofibers DDS, which they called nano-in-nano delivery technique

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• the surface of the nanofibrous scaffolds increases the therapeutic response to the drugs by a controlled and sustained release in the targeted tissue [35]. (v) Their ability to carry different drugs in their structure reduces the risk of multidrug resistance in cancer treatment with dose-specific or

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• penetrate the highly hydrophobic membrane (Strat-M membrane) with a favorable long-term release time profile. In our study, the DCS nanocrystals in the transdermal patch provided a sustained release for six days. Moreover, the DCS nanocrystal formulation, which showed no color change, suggested the

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• augmenting their dissolution rate, and in vitro–in vivo correlation is normally applied [31]. These drugs are suitable for sustained release and controlled release formulations that provide more stable and predictable plasma levels. Drug solubility can be increased by employing strategies from classical

Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti

• Jonatas L. Duarte,
• Leonardo Delello Di Filippo,
• Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira,
• Rafael Miguel Sábio,
• Gabriel Davi Marena,
• Tais Maria Bauab,
• Cristiane Duque,
• Vincent Corbel and
• Marlus Chorilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10

• myrcene or cymene in nanoemulsions led to a sustained release of the compounds, suggesting that they could potentially provide a more efficient method for delivering these compounds compared to free solutions. Furthermore, the study showed that the nanoemulsification process reduced the cytotoxicity of

• had equal or greater insecticidal properties than free terpenes and they might facilitate their dispersion in an aqueous environment. The larvicidal effect of the nanoemulsions, together with their safety and sustained release attributes, holds significant promise for environmentally friendly and