Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• intracellular Ca2+ in cells and tissues. One of the most important criteria of anti-inflammatory drugs is the direct delivery to the inflamed tissue [96][97][98]. To increase the targeting ability, anti-inflammatory agents can be wrapped with a cell membrane camouflage technique [99][100][101]. For example, Ma

• three key components: (1) edaravone and nanoceria were responsible for ROS scavenging; (2) poly(ethylene glycol) increased biocompatibility, monodispersity, and extended the half-life in the bloodstream; and (3) angiopep-2 served as targeting ligand, which specifically binds to the low-density

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• daunorubicin) launched in 2017. These liposomes act mainly by passive targeting mechanisms upon intravenous administration. Parenteral liposomes employing the DepoFoam technology are used in clinical analgesia, that is, DepoDurTM and Expare®, approved in 2004 and 2018, respectively. The above summary shows

• potential tissue irritation [132][133]. Also, if ADRs were associated with an intrinsic susceptibility of patients, reducing BNZ plasma levels would not be helpful. Hence, what type of nanomedicines could solve the problem of BNZ-based medication? Targeting BNZ to diseased tissues while avoiding healthy

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• biocompatibility on NP toxicity. These properties of NPs determine their toxicity and interaction with the cell membrane damaging human health and the environment [12]. The toxic effect of NPs can be used as a medical treatment for diseases at the cellular level, that is, targeting and destroying cancerous cells

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• passive targeting and offer multimodal tumor therapy. In recent years, the use of nanotechnology-based cancer drugs has emerged as a promising alternative treatment approach. Utilizing various nanostructures as specific vehicles for drug delivery enhances efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties of

• laser-driven photothermal agent [25]. However, it is challenging to completely eradicate solid tumors using PTT alone because of light scattering and limited absorption in tumor tissues. For this purpose, various modifications have been employed for passive tumor targeting. PEGylation, which involves

• the use of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymer, is a widely used modification method to improve passive tumor targeting and retention [26][27][28]. In a study presented in the literature, PEGylation was used to impart passive tumor targeting properties to PDA nanoparticles. In in vivo experiments

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• DNA origami nanostructures is rarely explored, yet promising applications are foreseen to require such information. DNA nanostructures have been explored as drug delivery vessels for chemotherapeutics [1][2]. With the constant pursuit of effective targeting strategies [3], they could eventually be

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• oxide) (PEO). To improve the targeting ability of nanoparticles, ligands are typically designed to be located on the exterior of nanoparticles. Typically, ligands are cell-type-specific monoclonal antibodies, RGD peptides for the overexpression of the asialoglycoprotein receptor on cancer cells [5

• . After 24, 48, and 72 h, the CHL levels in the NPs were significantly lower when incubated in pH 5.4 medium compared to that in pH 7.4 medium. The faster CHL drug release at pH 5.4 was due to a faster degradation of PLGA at pH 5.4 than that at pH 7.4 [30]. Targeting of nanoparticles to the cells The NPs

• show a superior targeting effect to cancer cells, which might be due to the fact that cancer cells were cultured in normal cell culture media. Therefore, the expression of folate receptor was not as high compared to that of cancer cells that grew in folic-acid-free cell culture media. Cytotoxicity of

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• systems [19], nanoparticles [20], nanoliposomes [21], micelles [22], and nanocrystals [23] have been utilized. These systems can promote (i) protection of the drug against degradation in physiological media, (ii) increase in drug solubility, and (iii) modification/targeting of the drug enabling transport

• physicochemical properties of the systems, and by the release and targeting features of the loaded nanosystems, rather than by the drug properties themselves [58][59][60][61][62]. The intracellular amastigote form of Leishmania spp. allocates in macrophage phagolysosomes from infected individuals [63]. However

• antileishmanial drugs to such sites. Overall, drug targeting results in increased treatment efficacy and reduced toxicity, mostly by reducing drug doses and preventing its interaction with unwanted receptors [30][65]. In this scenario, active targeting happens by the functionalization of nanocarriers, making drug

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• article, we discuss examples highlighting the influence of elasticity in nanoscale biological interactions focusing on mucosal delivery and on tumor targeting. Besides this, we discuss the influence of different measurement settings using atomic force microscopy for the determination of mechanical

• time for passive and active drug targeting before particles are filtered out of the circulation system. Overall, it was shown that softer particles have an enhanced blood circulation time. The effects described were observed for different particle types (made from different materials) and also covered

• overruling material properties. The tissue distribution can be important regarding active and passive targeting of different tissues, such as tumors or inflammation sites. It also gives an idea about possible side effects as high nanoparticle concentration usually correlates with high drug concentration

Exploring internal structures and properties of terpolymer fibers via real-space characterizations

• Michael R. Roenbeck and
• Kenneth E. Strawhecker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1004–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.83

• . Transverse elastic modulus quantifications We present these last results as relative stiffness variations because multiple AFM tips needed to be used to survey these multiple subdomains. Monitoring tip wear is cumbersome when targeting a broad survey of different regions of multiple fibers, so the results

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• to functionalize with targeting agents such as antibodies and aptamers for LFAs. Therefore, photothermal LFAs are believed to play a significant role in the development of highly sensitive LFAs and other POCT devices. Schematic representation of photothermal LFA (Figure 1 was reprinted from [27

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• affects the targeting ability of the nanoformulation. In this review, we provide recent findings to highlight several antibody conjugation methods such as adsorption, covalent conjugation, and biotin–avidin interaction. This review also provides an overview of the many effects of the protein corona and

• the theranostic applications of ACNPs for the treatment of cancer. Keywords: active targeting; chemical conjugation; chemotherapeutics; drug delivery; monoclonal antibody; Introduction Off-target side effects, such as myelosuppression, mucositis, alopecia, organ dysfunction, and thrombocytopenia

• circulation time and serum stability. Also, they enable drug release in a sustained and controlled manner [4]. Targeted delivery of drug-loaded NPs can be achieved either through passive targeting, where drugs accumulate in tumor tissues via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, or through

Titania nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of ethanol under simulated solar light

• Evghenii Goncearenco,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Florian Dumitrache,
• Elena Dutu,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
• Alexandra Sandulescu,
• Crina Anastasescu and
• Ioan Balint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 616–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.51

• many studies carried out in gas and liquid phases concerning the photodegradation of ethanol through TiO2-based materials, targeting both hydrogen production [25][26] and the photocatalytic oxidation of ethanol to CO2 [27][28]. Hydrogen production and depollution via ethanol photodegradation are of

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• polarizability (causing interband transitions), and χD is the corresponding susceptibility of the conduction electrons (modelled through the Drude assumption of a free electron “sea”). Hence, PT applications targeting plasmonic materials must account for the contributions to the dielectric function of the terms

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• , nanocarriers need to be engineered to add functionalities, both in their cores and at their surfaces. This includes therapeutic drugs and genes, targeting moieties, performance enhancers (e.g., for barrier penetration and to avoid opsonization), and imaging agents [2][3]. Core and matrix of the nanoparticles

• targeting Renilla luciferase mRNA. Gene inhibition showed an optimum efficiency (40%) at a given nanoparticle/antisense oligonucleotide ratio, which is promising for in vitro cell transfection. When water was replaced with PBS (0.16 M) for the PIC preparation of nanoemulsions starting from

• and cell viabilities higher than 75% (for concentrations below 100 nM). These nanoparticles displayed high gene silencing efficiencies (up to 90%) targeting Renilla luciferase mRNA, particularly when coated with PEG (Figure 3) and did not show hemolysis after incubation with red blood cells. PLGA

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• aspect is the EPR effect, which is a phenomenon characteristic of mature solid tumors. The vascular permeability factors (e.g., VEGF) produced in higher concentrations by cancer cells stimulate the formation of an abnormal vascular structure, which can be used in the passive targeting of nanodrugs

• achievable utilizing NPs less than 100 nm in diameter. In contrast, active targeting strategies involve functionalizing the NP surface with appropriate ligands specific for receptors overexpressed by the cancer cells (e.g., folic acid and transferrin). The combination of the paracellular gap size resulting

• from the EPR effect and active targeting strategies may increase the efficacy of the therapy. Nevertheless, the accumulation in other, non-targeted organs indicates the existence of a method of NP transport through the endothelium other than EPR [26][28][29][32]. Sindhwani et al. identified an active

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China 10.3762/bjnano.14.24 Abstract Immune clearance and insufficient targeting have limited the efficacy of existing therapeutic

• nanoparticles exhibit various effects (e.g., homotypic targeting, prolonging drug circulation, regulating the immune system, and penetrating biological barriers) after encapsulation by cancer cell membranes. The sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic methods will also be improved by utilizing the properties

• intended function of the NPs, resulting in changes of biological behavior and loss of function [6][7]. Moreover, the protein corona can accelerate RES/MPS uptake and interfere with the targeting ability of NPs [8]. The biomimetic technique of cell membrane coating, which employs naturally cell-derived

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• , and evidence has been derived that no single drug can treat the broad spectrum of molecular alterations in NSCLC. Considering the fact that multiple mechanisms are involved in the reactivation of the EGFR signaling pathway, targeting multiple constituents within the EGFR cascade or targeting parallel

• cancer resistance mechanisms successfully [23][24]. In addition, co-delivery of anticancer therapy using surface-engineered nanoparticles for tumor targeting may alleviate some of the unwanted effects on off-site targets and increase the therapeutic concentration at the site of action as well as efficacy

• synergistic effects, and (iv) cytotoxic or molecular targeting agents with small interfering RNA (siRNA) for silencing the mutating genes at protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) level, have made their way to clinical therapy or are under evaluation for their efficacy and safety in many research studies and

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• nucleic acids are RNAs, DNAs, and derivatives thereof that regulate the expression of target genes [57][58][59]. Typical examples are antisense DNA, small interfering RNA (siRNA), aptamers, and ribozymes/DNAzymes. Owing to the accurate targeting at pathogenic genes, they are promising for various

• nanoassemblies (pale green balls in the third row from the top). Due to high biocompatibility and tumor-targeting capacity of HA, these ternary nanoassemblies effectively entered cancer cells. Upon UV irradiation (365 nm), the azobenzene isomerizes from the trans form to the cis form, disassembling the α-CyD

• ′-direction to provide an overhang in both ends. Thus, the siRNA was captured by two kinds of antisense DNAs on the β-CyDs through RNA/DNA hybridization and co-assembled to the nanoparticles. Folic acid (for targeting tumors) and an influenza hemagglutinin peptide HA (for endosomal escape) were conjugated

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• BODIPYs and increase their tumor targeting ability, lipid nanoparticulate delivery systems have been reported to encapsulate BODIPYs for in vivo use [13]. Therefore, we chose BODIPY as a synergic agent to obtain synergistic PTT. Au-LNPs were mixed with BODIPY to form stable AB-LNPs. AB-LNPs showed high

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• particles. In this way, a higher passive drug targeting effect can be achieved, which was explained by enhanced deformability. The enhanced shape flexibility should lead to a higher extravasation rate and less effective clearance mechanisms. This combination leads to an enhanced particle accumulation in the

• tumor [8]. This behavior might be exploited for targeting or evading specific cell types. In this context, the cell type also plays a crucial role [7]. Overall, looking at the differences exhibited by the use of different materials for nanoparticle preparation, the favorable Young’s modulus should be

Design and selection of peptides to block the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain by molecular docking

• Kendra Ramirez-Acosta,
• Ivan A. Rosales-Fuerte,
• J. Eduardo Perez-Sanchez,
• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Josue Juarez and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 699–711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.62

• human body and in targeting specific cells, bacteria, viruses, or proteins. Therefore, the physicochemical parameters of the peptides and the peptide conformation after binding to RBD were obtained by using WinHydroPro software. The results are given in Table 2. The peptide net charge, isoelectric point

Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects

• Çiğdem Yücel,
• Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak,
• Sena Yalçıntaş and
• Tuğba Eren Böncü

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41

• solution form of EGCG for the transdermal delivery of EGCG. The parameters considered were antioxidant and enzymes inhibition effects, transport properties across cell monolayers, and better stability profiles. These evident effects of EGCG via ethosomal formulations might help to optimize the targeting of

Controllable two- and three-state magnetization switching in single-layer epitaxial Pd_1−xFe_x films and an epitaxial Pd_0.92Fe_0.08/Ag/Pd_0.96Fe_0.04 heterostructure

• Igor V. Yanilkin,
• Amir I. Gumarov,
• Gulnaz F. Gizzatullina,
• Roman V. Yusupov and
• Lenar R. Tagirov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 334–343, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.28

• is instructive to investigate the switching properties of Pd1−xFex films and heterostructures based on this alloy targeting the controllable non-collinear magnetic configurations in the bilayer structure. Experimental An epitaxial film of the Pd0.92Fe0.08 alloy with a thickness of 20 nm and an

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• therapeutic index. The use of nanomaterials has increased nowadays for more specific drug targeting and delivery, slowing down the dissolution rate of drugs, increasing therapeutic efficacy with the minimum dosage, and also by ceasing the premature loss of drugs through rapid clearance. Additionally, the

• insertion into the inner membrane, for precise mitochondria-targeted cancer treatment as presented in Figure 8B. The efficiency of G-TiO2−x-TPP was scrutinized in mice having HeLa tumors, and the results showed excellent mitochondria-targeting potential and strong phototherapeutic efficacy under a single

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• delivery of an anionic cargo. Besides, a strong intracellular optical signal supports the optically traceable nature of these nanoparticles. SPION@bPEI nanoparticles were further conjugated with Erbitux (Erb), which is an anti-EGFR antibody for targeting EGFR-overexpressing cancer cell lines. SPION@bPEI

• selective uptake and hence the targeting ability of Erb-tagged nanoparticles. Altogether, this study proves luminescent, cationic, and small SPION@bPEI nanoparticles as strong candidates for imaging and gene therapy. Keywords: Erbitux; photoluminescence; polyethyleneimine; polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid

• and a positive surface charge. The former is very important for the pharmacokinetics of nanoparticles and needed for long blood circulation time, especially when a molecular targeting is aimed [36][37][38]. The latter is essential for the highly popular gene therapy, especially in the treatment of