Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• , suggesting that the critical voltage threshold may have been exceeded, resulting in the formation of two separate jets: one from the core and another from the shell, ultimately producing monolithic fibers. Reducing the voltage to 15 kV (Figure 4C) yielded fibers with an average diameter of 266 ± 139 nm, no

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• the NPs in solid and liquid state, respectively, and Lm is the latent heat of fusion. These equations allow to determine the threshold irradiance required to melt NPs of specific sizes and compositions using laser pulses with a selected duration, fluence, and wavelength: The dissipation of the

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• irradiation and what kind of morphology is developed for the finally formed metal-rich structures. (3) Analyzing BSE images of the evolving surface morphology at successive stages of FIB irradiation in order to determine “the sputtering point”, that is, the threshold ion fluence at which the sputtering

• becomes the dominant process over structure growth, leading to the erosion of the formed metal-rich deposits. This threshold provides insight into the precursor’s resistance to ion bombardment and is crucial for assessing its stability and reactivity under processing conditions. (4) Collecting SEM EDX

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• normalized time, τ. Our simulations revealed a critical damping threshold at αcrit ≈ 0.8; below this value, stable soliton propagation is not supported. Also, under this condition, the energy dissipation rate is too high relative to the energy transfer between adjacent junctions, causing the soliton to decay

• quasiparticle current () that flows as a junction switches. This larger current provides a stronger driving force to the next junction in the line, causing it to reach its critical threshold and switch more rapidly, thus increasing the overall propagation velocity of the soliton. The functionality of the KICK

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• enough momentum transferred to the target, it can result in an atomic displacement from the solid, a process known as sputtering. There exists a critical energy level for sputtering to take place. Above this threshold, the sputter yield increases until it reaches a peak, after which it starts to decrease

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• threshold (30–50 kDa), thereby prolonging circulation half-life and enhancing stability. These strategies collectively improve drug bioavailability while reducing off-target toxicity, offering versatile solutions for aptamer applications in precision medicine. The following sections give a summary of the

• response rate failed to meet the predefined efficacy threshold, ultimately leading to regulatory rejection. To improve aptamer permeability and enzyme resistance, and to enable clinical transformation of potentially useful aptamers, there are two strategies. First, chemical modification of aptamers. By

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• threshold, a more nuanced study of the differences in water uptake between tissues is required to gain a better understanding of motion actuation. Quan et al. [24] also measured the gravimetric water uptake, revealing a hysteresis between uptake and evaporation, but without distinguishing between the scale

• analyses, and visualization were done with Python (ver. 3.12.8) using the packages pandas (ver. 2.2.3) [42], scipy (ver. 1.14.1) [43] and seaborn (ver. 0.13.2) [44]. The threshold of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Gravimetric water uptake The gravimetric water uptake measurements

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• segmentation based on a threshold that differentiated between the pixel brightness of the glass fibers and the PP resulted in the fiber pixel area (Af). The fiber content of each cross-sectional image was calculated as the ratio between Af and At, and the values of the cross sections of each cut specimen were

• applied. The small deviation may be due to the volume reduction of PP during hot pressing, the burnt glass fibers at the edges, and inaccuracies in the post-processing threshold algorithms. The good fusion of the individual compartments and the gradual increase in fiber concentration along the specimen

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• significance of photon-assisted transitions in fragmentation processes, particularly when interacting with the second and third harmonics of a picosecond Nd:YAG laser. Although the temperature of the Au NPs exceeded the evaporation threshold, the results suggest that heating alone was not the primary cause of

• model, which was experimentally validated. In 2010, as research on pulsed laser irradiation progressed, Koshizaki’s group explored the potential of non-focused laser beams with moderate fluence, lower than the ablation threshold, to irradiate colloidal NPs [42][48][49][64][65][66][67]. Their findings

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• . Although modern NMR instruments have improved sensitivity, there is still a practical detection threshold. If the concentration of PDA falls below this threshold, the signal may not be detectable or may be too weak to provide meaningful information. These factors make it challenging to detect and quantify

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• threshold of >0.98, the model was able to reliably generate and identify sharp tips. Dataset summary Using the data generation method described above, we obtained a total of 2604 individual spectra on the bare Au(111) surface, 86 of which were used for our classification models. In order to use this data

• plotted, showing the spread of the RMS in each category. This histogram is shown in Figure 6. From this, the final threshold was chosen <0.25, with all spectra resulting in a value within this range classified as “good”. Using this method, the deterministic model was able to achieve an overall accuracy of

• move on to either an in situ tip preparation step, (j); if the number of shaping attempts without a “good” tip has exceeded a pre-determined threshold, (i), the tip is moved away macroscopically, (k), under the assumption that the area is not suitable for classification. Throughout the schematic, green

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• structure with laser irradiation wavelengths ranging from 400 to 2200 nm. From this, a linear trend in LIPSS characteristics was observed up to 2000 nm, and the threshold of the LIPSS formation was determined [52]. In the present work, we extend the LIPSS over a large area, instead of a single line, using

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• microbial access [7]. PVA also exhibits superior biocompatibility as evidenced by its high safety threshold (LD50 of 15–20 g·kg−1), low systemic absorption, absence of mutagenic effects, and established medical applications, making it a reliable choice for biopackaging without concerns of harmful

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• . Therefore, the type and density of these MS channels triggered at different threshold values of membrane tension determine the survival capacity of the bacteria under drastic changes in osmotic pressure [16][17][18][19][20]. PA is also known to use other channel proteins to overcome the attack by

• changes before it reaches the force threshold of 500 pN. These results are interpreted as follows. For the three investigated osmolarity levels, bacteria do not seem to be disrupted or damaged, at least from a morphological point of view when imaged in the low regime of loading forces or from its

• prevented by the rapid reaction of the MS channels, which act as safety valves which open as soon as the internal Pt causes an increase in the tension of the envelope above a specific threshold value. Then, it rapidly releases contained osmolytes to deflate the internal pressure and avoid membrane rupture

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• pulse energies in the second control experiment (0.15 mJ) (corresponding parameters can be found in Supporting Information File 1, Table S5, Section S9), exceeding typical threshold values by far [50][88]. As depicted in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S7, amorphization tendencies were analogous

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• experiments regarding the laser fluence dependence for AlClPc. The absorption spectra of the sample after laser irradiation at various fluences for 30 min were compared (Figure S9, Supporting Information File 1). The absorption of the nanoparticles increased with the fluence above a threshold (30 mJ·cm−2

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• [120], fulfils this role. Similarly as Richard Feynman established the foundations of nanotechnology in the mid-20th century [121][122], Masakazu Aono proposed the concept of nanoarchitectonics [123][124] at the threshold between the 20th and 21st centuries. Nanoarchitectonics can be defined as the

• conductivity. However, above the percolation threshold, the additive particles begin to overlap, resulting in the formation of isolated, disordered interfaces and an increase in the volume of less conductive material. Accordingly, the highest value of ionic conductivity is observed at moderate concentrations

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• further until the evaporation threshold is reached. Evaporation again requires additional energy to overcome heat of fusion. Only evaporation can lead to expulsion of material and formation of clusters in this context via condensation of the vapor. Further processes that will be described in the laser

• to both positive and negative transmission changes, as shown in Figure 8C. Therefore, TAS at this point is no longer an unambiguous probe for the resolution of such effects [131]. Nevertheless, the bubble formation as a threshold process can still be identified through the characteristic change in

• formation threshold as well as bubble sizes [125][128]. Figure 8F shows that bubble size growth with laser fluence can be extracted with good correlation to X-ray results (Figure 8G). Structure formation, such as LAL or LFL in NP colloids and on surfaces, involves all steps of particle heating, melting

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• concentration exceeds this threshold, TC adsorption efficiency declines. This is because higher PVA levels hinder dissolution and mixing, particularly as viscosity increases. Similarly, TC adsorption efficiency also declines as GA concentration increases. At high concentrations, GA can dissolve PVA

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• fluences, which could be explained by NP formation [22][34]. However, this increase in extinction could only be observed once a certain threshold fluence was exceeded. If the laser fluence is further increased above a critical value, degradation can occur due to excessive energy input. Using fullerene C60

• production of ROS are also conceivable. Even though the laser intensities applied at the jet’s entrance (ca. 3·1010 W·cm−2) are one order of magnitude below the irradiance threshold range for the optical breakdown of water (i.e., 4.5·1011 W·cm−2 at 30 ps, 1064 nm [59]), it is difficult to pinpoint to which

• extent such nonlinear, free-electron-generating, radical-promoting effects need to be considered as a contribution to the degradation of the nutraceuticals in our specific setup. On the one hand, it is well-known that the threshold of the Kerr effect is considerably lower in the presence of (inorganic

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• also contributes to the percolation threshold, which is a fundamental parameter controlling electrical conductivity and crucial for certain applications such as sensors, where accurate modulation is required [9]. An initial work by Naha et al. developed a model to enhance the understanding and

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• -based optoelectronic applications [7]. High-energy ion irradiation can lead to latent track formation or phase transitions, either from crystalline to crystalline or crystalline to amorphous, depending on the threshold electronic energy loss (Seth) [8][9]. The formation of latent tracks has been

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• further increases in extraction voltage, the beam current decreases rapidly. Beyond this threshold of 400 V, the increased extraction voltage induces significant defocusing of the ion beam. This highlights the critical role of the extraction voltage in maintaining beam coherence. Generally, the extraction

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• top-view setup was applied to observe the bubble morphology evolution on a transparent yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) target. The YAG crystal has a low thermal conductivity and a high laser-ablation threshold, minimizing the influence of the ablation products on cavitation bubble dynamics and, thus

• NPs per characterized sample were analyzed for every single experiment performed. The tendencies can be explained by the fact that a donut-shaped beam avoids overheating in the center of the laser spot and prevents underheating in the peripheral region with temperatures below the ablation threshold

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• onto the wells (input). Statistical analysis Statistical differences among the study groups in in situ mucoadhesion measurements, PAS stain assay, and internalization studies were assessed by Student’s t-tests. The significance threshold was p ≤ 0.05. The statistical differences among the groups of