Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• occurs when the electron energy matches that of an anion state. Other dissociation channels, such as neutral dissociation (ND) and dissociative ionization (DI), are threshold processes, but their efficiency declines above roughly 100 eV because the interaction time with the molecule becomes too short

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• application laboratory in Waldbronn, Germany, and the particle counting threshold was set at 30 nm. The samples were first intensively dispersed by ultrasonication in a polyphosphate solution in water (562 J/mL, 2.5% pigment, 2% polyphosphate) one day before measurement. The energy of 562 J/mL was chosen

• smaller particle size will achieve this, but only down to a certain lower threshold, which is around 105–115 nm. Below this limit, the scattering power of the particles decreases significantly, and the material can no longer be used effectively as a white pigment. This behaviour was demonstrated using

• a higher SSA (i.e., smaller particle size) do not scatter visible light sufficiently to be used as white pigments. This threshold corresponds approximately to a MinFeret D50n particle size of 105 nm and an ECD D50n particle size of 110–115 nm. By modifying the particle size (or SSA), the tint (hue

Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane

• Shangbi Chen,
• Dewen Liu,
• Weiwei Chen,
• Huajiang Chen,
• Jiawei Li and
• Jinfang Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 270–278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.25

• , respectively. The resistance changes exhibit a gradual increase initially, followed by a steep increase once a certain strain threshold is exceeded, with variations observed for different helix indices (C is the ratio of the helical sensor diameter D to the helical fiber diameter d). Notably, the resistance

• and a light-emitting diode (LED). When a tensile strain is applied, the light emitted by the LED is modulated by the strain sensor. The LED rapidly switched off when the sensor surpassed the critical strain threshold of the target. The switch-off of the LED could serve as an alarm signal, and the

• threshold strain required to trigger this alarm could be adjusted by manipulating the helix indices of the helical sensor. Conclusion In summary, this study presents a straightforward method for producing a remarkably flexible resistive strain sensor by utilizing a Au thin film on a helical structure. The

Exploring disorder correlations in superconducting systems: spectroscopic insights and matrix element effects

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander E. Lukyanov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov,
• Boris G. Lvov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 199–206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.19

• take N = 50, which our calculations show is sufficiently large to mitigate finite-size effects. BdG equations (Equation 2) are solved together with the self-consistency conditions (Equation 3) in the usual way until the order parameter and the Hartree potential reach a predefined accuracy threshold [63

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• other anodization voltages. The current flow through the Pt cathode could be established or interrupted automatically through a relay switch triggered by the thickness measurement software upon reaching the predefined threshold value. The anode current was monitored using a current-to-voltage (I/U

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• , complementary to the m/z ratios observed, may be assigned to more than one composition. Thus, to better understand the underlying fragmentation process, the respective appearance energies (AEs) are determined using a Wannier-type threshold function (see the Methods section) and compared to calculated threshold

• compares the individual AEs with calculated thresholds for different potential reactions leading to the respective fragments. Here the values for single bond ruptures without new bond formations are shown along with the best matches of the AEs with the respective threshold values. For comparison, threshold

• values for selected processes that are next to the assigned processes are also shown in Table 2. A complete set of all calculated threshold values, and the respective processes are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Table S2. The thresholds are calculated at both the PBE0-TZVP and DLPNO-CCSD(T)-TZVP

A bifunctional superconducting cell as flux qubit and neuron

• Dmitrii S. Pashin,
• Pavel V. Pikunov,
• Marina V. Bastrakova,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1116–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.92

• transfer characteristic should be such that small fluctuations at the input do not produce a noticeable response, but above a certain threshold, any signal at the input produces a fixed magnetic flux at the output. Also, if it were possible to adapt the ASL cell in a perceptron to process the signal from a

Fragmentation of metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes induced by slow electrons

• Janina Kopyra and
• Hassan Abdoul-Carime

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 980–987, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.81

• produces mainly the parent anion [ML2]− and the fragment anion [L]−. The stabilization of the precursor anion near a threshold energy leads to substantial changes in the metal–ligand M···O bond length, with or without a change in the configuration of the neutral precursor. In addition, a large variety of

Prediction of cytotoxicity of heavy metals adsorbed on nano-TiO₂ with periodic table descriptors using machine learning approaches

• Joyita Roy,
• Souvik Pore and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 939–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.77

• validation A reliable model should pass the threshold values for different internal and external validation metrics. Internal validation generates the generalization ability and robustness of the model. In contrast, external prediction is used to validate the model. The most common metrics to measure

• optimization of the hyperparameters. The AD was also determined, and all compounds were found to be below the threshold of h* = 0.42, as shown in the Williams plot in Figure 3. The AD is the chemical space formed based on the descriptors of the training set compounds. The compounds in the chemical space are

Ultralow-energy amorphization of contaminated silicon samples investigated by molecular dynamics

• Grégoire R. N. Defoort-Levkov,
• Alan Bahm and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 834–849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.68

• coefficient value below the threshold for the crystalline region. An extensive characteristic that can be studied easily in each of our slabs is the radial distribution function, as it allows to confirm the nature of each slab by studying the local order/disorder. Radial distribution function The radial

• greater than the range studied in this publication. Despite these differences, we could compare some of our results for two energies below the 500 eV threshold. More experimental data is provided in a paper from Wittmaack [48]. In the publication by Timonova et al. [43], the MEAM potential is used to

• forms a shielding layer on top of the sample, which will be preferentially sputtered, as we will see in the next paragraphs. For impact energies below 100 eV, the sputtering threshold is barely reached, and the sputtering yield is minimal. At higher energies, the sputtering yields of our simulations are

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• the Ag particles become smaller when the size of the particles increases, resulting in a stronger hot spot effect. However, when the particle size exceeds a critical threshold, the Ag particles come into contact with each other, causing the hot spots to dissipate. Based on these findings, we selected

Current-induced mechanical torque in chiral molecular rotors

• Richard Korytár and
• Ferdinand Evers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 711–721, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.57

• , the rotor generically undergoes a directed motion, provided that the incident current exceeds a threshold value. Above this threshold, the corresponding rotation frequency (per incoming particle current) for helical geometries turns out to be 2πm/M1, where m/M1 is the ratio of the mass of an incident

• potential barrier V(ϑ), we find that the mass current needs to overcome a threshold for the wire to rotate. The resulting time-averaged angular velocity is time-independent and directional for all supercritical currents. Finally, we consider a situation where the net torque exerted by the transmitted

• , specifically the velocity–current characteristics and threshold currents. Our results can support the design of nanoscale mechanical devices. Model Model geometry (kinematics) Our classical model contains a particle (mass m) moving on a rigid path, which can rotate around an axis, see left part of Figure 1

Investigations on the optical forces from three mainstream optical resonances in all-dielectric nanostructure arrays

• Guangdong Wang and
• Zhanghua Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 674–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.53

• when one designs nano-optical tweezers system to capture nanoscale particles. The low absorption losses, high laser power damage threshold as well as the large optical force that can be achieved with lossless all-dielectric nanostructures provide a better choice compared to the metallic counterpart in

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

Suspension feeding in Copepoda (Crustacea) – a numerical model of setae acting in concert

• Alexander E. Filippov,
• Wencke Krings and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 603–615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.50

• simulation are summarized in Figure 6. As seen directly from the plots, the well-pronounced threshold angle is ϕmin = −0.375π. Below this threshold, there is practically zero food consumption. Paradoxically, the quantity of ingested particles is even smaller than in the reference system without setae, that

• cannot be transported into the mouth opening. If, and to which extent, long setae have adhesion on their tips in real copepods awaits further investigations. Time dependencies of Neaten at different angles of rotation for the basic segments of the short setae. The threshold angle, ϕmin = −0.375π, at

Thermal transport in kinked nanowires through simulation

• Alexander N. Robillard,
• Graham W. Gibson and
• Ralf Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 586–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.49

• threshold angles where LoS = 0 are highlighted. Comparison of thermal conductances for kinked wires, straight wires with angled lattices, and a series resistance estimate. Thermal conductances calculated from 2D PMC simulations of kinked nanowires with varying kink angles. Three

On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets

• Keith R. Paton,
• Konstantinos Despotelis,
• Naresh Kumar,
• Piers Turner and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 509–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.42

• Information File 1, Figure S2) we can define a threshold value for a spectrum that corresponds to graphite. This is taken as the d90 value from the distribution. Based on this, we can then classify each pixel measured across a sample as either “graphite” or “GNP”. From this, we can calculate a fraction of

• Roscher et al. [23] and defining a cut-off in the R2 value from fitting the 2D peak and, second, by running a non-negative least squares fit and defining a cut-off for the “sediment-like” spectral loading, as implemented above for graphite additions. The value of the threshold has here been set to

• fraction of added sediment. The largest variation is still seen at the lowest loading of sediment. Using a threshold value of 1.09 × 10−3, the mean absolute deviation from the expected value is 73% with a maximum of 172% for 1 wt % using the NNLS fitting. Using the R2 value from the 2D peak fit with a

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• . When the energy of the photons is greater than the bandgap, interband transitions are observed. As an example of the energies at which interband transitions [28] occur, Cu, Au, Ag exhibit them at 2.25, 2.4, and 4 eV, respectively, and threshold energy levels of interband transitions are 1.6–1.8 eV for

• Al and Cu, the higher temperature increases possible with reduced sphericity, the better absorption properties when surrounded by materials with a higher refractive index (due to multipolar excitations instead of only dipolar excitations), and the threshold particle size above which the optical

• [83]. Plasmonic nanobubbles (formed when the irradiation fluence exceeded a threshold value), although being excellent tunable scatterers themselves, did not result in thermal phenomena such as heating and only led to mechanical phenomena such as cavitation effects. Explosive boiling is of explicit

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• cumulative gravity appeared to be the critical threshold force required to disrupt endothelial cells. The leakiness of the endothelium resulting from the action of NPs occurs relatively quickly, usually within an hour after exposing the cells to NPs [20][21][23]. In addition to understanding the key

Quasi-guided modes resulting from the band folding effect in a photonic crystal slab for enhanced interactions of matters with free-space radiations

• Kaili Sun,
• Yangjian Cai,
• Uriel Levy and
• Zhanghua Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 322–328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.27

• been proposed to realize low-threshold polariton lasers [24]. However, we show in this work that, even when the period increase and the accompanied FBZ shrinking occurs only along one direction of the two-dimensional periodicity, the resonance still depends on the in-plane wave vector along both

Biocatalytic synthesis and ordered self-assembly of silica nanoparticles via a silica-binding peptide

• Mustafa Gungormus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 280–290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.25

• particle clusters or irregular particles were not observed (Figure 4f), while NH3 alone yielded spherical particles of 100 to 130 nm (Figure 4g). Based on the OD and SEM observations, SiBP seems to drastically change the particle formation/growth regime above a threshold concentration. In the reactions of

• released silicic acid is then deposited onto particles with larger radius. Evidence of coalescence was observed in our study as well (shown by the arrows in Figure 3 and Figure 4). At later stages of the reaction, when the precursor concentration drops below the nucleation threshold, the dominant regime

Atmospheric water harvesting using functionalized carbon nanocones

• Fernanda R. Leivas and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.1

• with εr. In order to understand the impact of varying attraction, we calculated the mean collected rate of molecules (MCR) per unit of time (10−2 ns), using Figure 9b shows the MCR of molecules as a function of εr. For values of εr below a certain threshold, the MCR increases in proportion to εr. The

• movement of molecules in the nanocone depends on the combination of attraction on hydrophilic sites and repulsion on hydrophobic sites. Enhancing hydrophilic attraction increases the number of water molecules attracted to the base of the nanocone. For εr values above a certain threshold, however, the MCR

Observation of collective excitation of surface plasmon resonances in large Josephson junction arrays

• Roger Cattaneo,
• Mikhail A. Galin and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1578–1588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.132

• formation of standing waves at the electrode/substrate interface. We observe that resonant steps in the current–voltage characteristics appear above some threshold number of junctions, Nth ≈ 100, and then progressively enhance in amplitude with further increment of the number of junctions in the resistive

• between JJs and the long-range phase-locking of the arrays. Our main result is the observation of a gradual development of collective resonances upon sequential switching of JJs into the oscillating resistive state. We show that a threshold number of JJs, Nth ≈ 100, is required for excitation of the

• collective cavity modes. Above the threshold, the amplitude of resonant steps grows in a quasi-linear manner with the number of active JJs. We employ an external microwave detector for measuring EMW emission from the arrays. It is observed that the emitted power is correlated with the amplitude of the

Laser-processed antiadhesive bionic combs for handling nanofibers inspired by nanostructures on the legs of cribellate spiders

• Sebastian Lifka,
• Kristóf Harsányi,
• Erich Baumgartner,
• Lukas Pichler,
• Dariya Baiko,
• Karsten Wasmuth,
• Johannes Heitz,
• Marco Meyer,
• Anna-Christin Joel,
• Jörn Bonse and
• Werner Baumgartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1268–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.105

• act longitudinal in the nonwoven. This force is split vectorial at the point of contact in a vertical peel off force and a local horizontal shear force. Due to the rotational symmetry the total horizontal forces cancel out. When exceeding a critical threshold value, the peel-off forces separates the

• : sample with laser-structured surface; orange: electrospun nonwoven. Left: An aluminium piston is put into a 5 mm hole drilled into the sample carrier and the sample. Right: Defined forces Fpeel are applied onto the aluminium piston by adding defined weights. When exceeding a critical threshold value, the

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• and poorly controlled. Cheng et al. [11] introduced a method to selectively prepare individual carbon nanotubes on AFM tips by controlling the trigger threshold to regulate the growth solution on the tip. The obtained carbon nanotube probes are of suitable length and do not require a subsequent

• to generate CNT probes with a high aspect ratio. The method focuses on adjusting the trigger threshold and thus the amount of growth solution attached to the tip accordingly to fabricate individual CNTs. The success rate is well over 93%, and the generated CNT probes do not require further cutting

• and are of suitable length. This controllable method has great adhesion for CNT probes. The growth of individual CNTs at the tip was achieved when the trigger threshold was controlled in the range of 0.25–0.50 V. The properties and functionality of such tips were verified using samples with high