A redox-responsive viologen–cavitand nanocarrier for dual-function photodynamic therapy

• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Alexey Yu. Usanyov,
• Amir A. Shamsutdinov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Andrey A. Parfenov,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Rezeda R. Fazleeva,
• Vitaly V. Yanilkin,
• Kseniya A. Zhdanova,
• Natal’ya A. Bragina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1142–1158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.78

• ; redox-responsive nanocarrier; viologen cavitand; Introduction Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive, clinically approved approach widely utilized for cancer treatment, as well as various non-malignant conditions. It relies on three key components, namely, light, molecular oxygen, and a

• THPP@p(MVCA-BAC) nanoplatform assembled via the copolymerization of a viologen-cavitand and a disulfide crosslinker. This system stabilizes hydrophobic THPP in its monomeric, non-aggregated state, maintains colloidal stability for at least three months, and enables GSH-triggered payload release. In