Towards multifunctional inorganic materials: biopolymeric templates
Inorganic functional materials are widely applied due to their electrical, optical, magnetic and mechanical properties. Accordingly, these materials exhibit an enormous impact on key technologies relevant for future fields such as energy generation and storage as well as information and medical technology. The manufacturing of such materials is usually performed at elevated temperature and pressure combined with enormous experimental effort and extensive equipment. In contrast, biomineralization processes have been evolutionarily optimized over millions of years and involve biopolymeric templates in an aqueous environment. The resulting combination of inorganic and bioorganic components yields biominerals with unique multifunctional features. The reader of this series will gain a comprehensive overview about the general ideas and principles of biopolymeric templating.
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- Published 30 Apr 2014
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Figure 1: Scanning electron micrographs of the skeletal elements of Mallomonas caudata with an overview of sp...
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Figure 2: Scanning electron micrographs of the skeletal elements of Synura petersenii, showing the skeleton f...
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Figure 3: Characterization of the golden algae before the conversion. (A) shows powder diffractograms of Synu...
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Figure 4: EDX analysis of golden algae (Synura petersenii) before the conversion.
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Figure 5: The tube reactor used for the chemical conversion of the golden algae.
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Figure 6: Scanning electron micrographs of the skeletons of Synura petersenii (A, B) and the shields of Mallo...
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Figure 7: EDX spectra of Synura petersenii after conversion into silicon. The EDX spectra of Mallomonas cauda...
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- Review
- Published 12 May 2014
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Figure 1: Function of biosilica during (A) the formation of siliceous sponge spicules and (B) mammalian bone ...
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Figure 2: Sycon raphanus, its spicules and its CA. (A) Specimens of S. raphanus; (B) the calcareous spicules....
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Figure 3: Sycon CA, its localization and in vitro function. Reacting of Sycon spicule with antibodies, raised...
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Figure 4: Calcium carbonate crystals formed in vitro (ammonium carbonate diffusion assay) by using Sycon CA. ...
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Figure 5: Sketch proposing the sequential deposition of calcium carbonate and Ca phosphate on the surface of ...
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Figure 6: Computer-aided rapid prototyping bioprinting. (A-a) A sketch outlining the computer-guided extrusio...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 16 Sep 2014
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Figure 1: (A) ATR-FTIR spectra and (B) XRD patterns of calcium phosphates obtained from [Bmim][Cl]. The refle...
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Figure 2: Low magnification (top row) and higher magnification (bottom row) SEM images of the precipitates. H...
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Figure 3: SEM images of as-received microcrystalline and regenerated cellulose.
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Figure 4: Low (top row) and high magnification (bottom row) SEM images of the hybrid materials prepared in th...
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Figure 5: Low (top row) and high magnification (bottom row) SEM images of the hybrid materials prepared in th...
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Figure 6: TEM images of thin sections of CCPH2 and CCPH6. Top row are low magnification and bottom row are hi...
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Figure 7: SEM image and elemental map of CCPH6.
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Figure 8: XRD patterns of cellulose and mineralized samples. Panel A shows effects of acid or base addition, ...
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Figure 9: ATR-FTIR spectra of neat cellulose, for sample nomenclature see Table 3. Panels B and D are higher magnifi...
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Figure 10: Representative TGA and DTA data of select samples. For full data see Table 3.
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 06 Oct 2014
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Figure 1: Output voltage and ASR at low current density, showing sulfur tolerance. Yellow shading denotes 24 ...
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Figure 2: Output voltage and ASR, showing typical effects of partially reversible sulfur poisoning. Yellow ba...
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Figure 3: Output voltage and ASR, showing sulfur tolerance at a current density below 200 mA·cm−2 (24–192 h) ...
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Figure 4: Output voltage and ASR, showing initial sulfur tolerance at high current density, and early cell fa...
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Figure 5: Top views of ceria deposition on NiO/GDC anodes. a) Treatment 1 (no coating). b) Treatment 2 (direc...
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Figure 6: FIB cross-sections halfway through ceria-coated NiO/YSZ anodes, with superimposed EDXS maps (Ni: gr...
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Figure 7: Cross-sectional view of an untreated Ni/GDC anode (treatment 1) after operation. a) SEM image; b) E...
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Figure 8: Cross-sectional view of a direct-treated anode (treatment 2) after cell operation. a) SEM image; b)...
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Figure 9: Cross-sectional views of the thiol-treated anode (treatment 3) of the cell shown in Figure 2 after operatio...
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Figure 10: Cross-sectional view of a sulfonate-treated anode (treatment 4) after operation. a) SEM image; b) E...
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Figure 11: Average lifetime energy output of SOFCs (with and without GDC interlayers) tested in sulfur-contain...
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Figure 12: Average power over cell lifetime, grouped by anode treatment and anode type, ranked by cumulative H2...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 22 Oct 2014
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Figure 1: Phase and amplitude signal of microfluidic experiments on COO-SAM with calcium carbonate in pure wa...
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Figure 2: Flow-rate dependency of calcium carbonate interactions with COO-SAM chip. Phase vs time plot (A) an...
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Figure 3: Monitoring of citric acid on calcium carbonate treated sensor surfaces. Phase (A) and corresponding...
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Figure 4: Experimental determination of the mass normalized phase signal in a citric acid/calcium carbonate s...
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Figure 5: Comparison between the original phase signal and calculated mass normalized phase signal. The time-...
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Figure 6: Monitoring of cationic peptides ES9 and AS8 on COO-SAM sensor surfaces. Phase (A) and corresponding...
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Figure 7: Evaluation of the phase difference prior and after injection of peptides as shown in Figure 6 A,C,D. For ex...
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Figure 8: Evaluation of the slope observed in peptide experiments as shown in Figure 6C. For experimental values, see Supporting Information File 4....
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- Published 06 Nov 2014
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Figure 1: 29Si HR NMR spectra of the control stock solution (75 mM SiO2) in acidic and basic solution.
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Figure 2: Soluble silicic acid concentration at different pH values in the presence (red rhombuses) and absen...
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Figure 3: Absorbance of a 90 mM sodium metasilicate solution with 31.25 µM PAH (red rhombuses) and of a pure ...
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Figure 4: Absorbance of a 90 mM sodium metasilicate solution with 31.25 µM PAH and 180 mM hydrogen phosphate ...
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Figure 5: Absorbance of a 90 mM sodium metasilicate solution with 10 mM allylamine (orange triangles), 10 mM ...
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Figure 6: Absorbance of a 90 mM sodium metasilicate solution with 10 mM TMEDA, ENQ, MEEN, and EN (cf. Table 1) and o...
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Figure 7: Absorbance of a 90 mM sodium metasilicate solution with 180 mM hydrogen phosphate in the presence o...
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- Review
- Published 17 Nov 2014
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Figure 1: Different roles of biopolymers as controlling agents and templates in the formation of inorganic ma...
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Figure 2: Schematic representation of the evolution of the morphology of calcium oxalate crystals prepared in...
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Figure 3: DNA-templated preparation of porous CdS shells on the surface of silica beads: (a) surface modifica...
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Figure 4: Siloxan polymerization on chitosan microspheres by using immobilized protein templates. Reprinted w...
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Figure 5: Schematic representation of the procedure applied for synthesizing starch/Ag nanocapsules. Reprinte...
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Figure 6: Products obtained when gold(III) is reduced in the presence of DNA toroids formed with bis(ethylene...
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Figure 7: Dark-field TEM micrograph (a) and corresponding electron diffraction pattern (b) of hydroxyapatite/...
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Figure 8: Schematic representation of aerogel preparation. A nanoporous cellulose gel is impregnated with the...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 08 Jan 2015
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Figure 1: Chemoselective silica precipitation. Different symbols indicate a mixture of organic molecules from...
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Figure 2: The polyamines 1, 2, and 3 have increasing numbers of 4, 5 and 11 basic nitrogens. Peptide 4 is a s...
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Figure 3: Three synthetic strategies for oligoamines and cationic peptides. The CTC-resin is shown as a grey ...
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Figure 4: Precipitation of orthosilicic acid with amine 1 in NMR tubes at pH 6.5 (A), 7 (B), and 10 (C). Inef...
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Figure 5: 1H NMR spectra (300 MHz, 300 K) of 1 a) without and b) in the presence of orthosilicic acid at pH 6...
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Figure 6: Silica precipitation competition experiments. Experimental details are according to the single comp...
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Figure 7: Expansions from the 1H NMR spectra (300 MHz, 300 K) of 1 a) and 4 b) and the spectrum of an equimol...
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- Published 12 Jan 2015
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Figure 1: Magnetite formation inside a gelatin gel matrix (grey) that is placed inside the chitin scaffold of...
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Figure 2: SANS macroscopic cross-section dΣ/dΩ versus scattering vector Q for a 1 mm thick piece of nacre in ...
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Figure 3: Light microscopy image of thin cuts of embedded and Coomassie stained samples. a) Demineralized nac...
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Figure 4: SEM micrographs of a) and b) fracture surfaces of artificial nacre and c) fracture surface of origi...
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Figure 5: TEM micrographs of a) artificial nacre after one reaction cycle and b) after four reaction cycles, ...
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Figure 6: SANS and VSANS scattering patterns of magnetite in gelatin–chitin composite and of ferrogel in a mi...
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Figure 7: Magnetic properties of the synthesized hybrid materials. a) Magnetization curves of a representativ...
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Figure 8: Degree of sample swelling plotted as a function of the swelling time at 23 °C for different samples...
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Figure 9: Representative structure of a triple helical (Gly–Hyp–Pro)n peptide [44] of 100 Å length with two assoc...
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Figure 10: Illustration of a β-chitin model [45] consisting of three poly-(1,4)-D-glucose chains of nine monomers ...
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Figure 11: a) Representative structure for the coordination of FeIII(OH)3 by chitin. The ferric ion (light blu...
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Figure 12: Force vs deformation characteristic of pure gelatin and gelatin with ferromagnetic particles. Intro...
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Figure 13: Force vs deformation characteristics of the chitin scaffold and the final composite. Introduction o...
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- Published 20 Mar 2015
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Figure 1: Schematic representation of the microwave decomposition pathway of the zinc oximato precursor in th...
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Figure 2: a) HRTEM image of the ZnO nanoparticle obtained from solution and b) GI-XRD spectra of the ZnO thin...
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Figure 3: AFM micrographs of (a) the bare wt TMV template immobilized on a Si/SiO2 substrate as well as (b) t...
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Figure 4: Overall thickness of the wt TMV/ZnO hybrid material as a function of the number of deposition cycle...
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Figure 5: Schematic representation of the wt TMV/ZnO based FET device (a). Performance of the FET device fabr...
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- Published 24 Mar 2015
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Figure 1: Scheme of the three-step, ZnO film deposition process. Seeds were deposited on glass slides by imme...
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Figure 2: SEM micrographs of a ZnO nanorod array grown on a seeded glass slide for 1 h without the addition o...
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Figure 3: X-ray diffraction patterns of ZnO films after the first CBD. Growth was performed for 1 h in total ...
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Figure 4: SEM micrographs of ZnO films after the first CBD. Growth was performed for 1 h in total with and wi...
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Figure 5: X-ray diffraction patterns of ZnO films after the second CBD. The films differ in the addition time...
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Figure 6: SEM micrographs in plan view (left) and corresponding cross sections (right) of ZnO films after the...
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Figure 7: Scheme of the proposed mechanism for the three-step ZnO film deposition process described in this w...
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Peptide-equipped tobacco mosaic virus templates for selective and controllable biomineral deposition
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- Published 25 Jun 2015
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Figure 1: Schematic representation of the chemical modification and mineralization of tobacco mosaic virus (T...
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Figure 2: Gel electrophoretic analysis of chemically modified TMV–Lys particles. (a) SDS-PAGE shows retarded ...
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Figure 3: Zeta potential of bare and chemically modified TMV–Lys particles in ddH2O or 30 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0,...
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Figure 4: SiO2 deposition reactions using functionalized and non-modified TMV templates, as indicated. (a) Im...
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Figure 5: Time-resolved monitoring of silica shell growth on TMV–KD10 templates: TEM analysis of non-stained ...
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Figure 6: ToF-SIMS analysis for determination of silica deposition. TMV–KD10 with TEOS (blue) and without TEO...
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