Atomic scale interface design and characterisation
While many major strides have been made in the last three decades concerning the synthesis, characterisation and properties of individual nanoobjects, their technological uptake necessarily requires integration into devices. To achieve this, detailed characterization, design and control of the interface between nanoobjects and their environment is essential. Interface properties typically dominate the behavior of nanomaterials. The reviews of this Thematic Series cover key areas of advanced synthesis methods, controlled functionalization and post-processing routes, developments in nanoscale characterization tools as well as theoretical modeling of structure and dynamics, and electronic properties. Finally some reviews cover key examples of successful nanomaterial integration.
- Review
- Published 02 Jul 2014
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Figure 1: Efficiency enhancement mechanisms for photocatalysis using CNT–TiO2 nanocomposites. (a) CNT scaveng...
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Figure 2: A schematic illustration of one cycle in ALD: (a) The first precursor flows into the chamber and re...
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Figure 3: Micrographs of TiO2 deposited on MW-CNT by using ALD with different number of cycles to control the...
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Figure 4: A schematic illustration of the principle in STEM-EELS: (a) the microscope configuration in the STE...
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Figure 5: An atomic-resolution chemical mapping of Ba-doped SrTiO3 nanoparticles: (a) the HAADF-STEM image of...
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Figure 6: An example of electron beam damage during EELS acquisition. Note that there is a chemical shift in ...
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- Review
- Published 05 Aug 2014
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Figure 1: Schematic of a graphene lattice with the most common experimentally observed species of substitutio...
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Figure 2: STM images of nitrogen doped graphene on (a) 7 nm2, (b) 20 nm2 and (c) 100 nm2 scales, adapted with...
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Figure 3: Predicted band gap against nitrogen dopant concentration. Black circles are calculated values from [36]...
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Figure 4: Quantum conductance through a 15 nm wide graphene nanoribbon with a 7.5 nm long scattering region c...
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- Review
- Published 14 Aug 2014
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Figure 1: Sketch of a piece of semiconducting material, placed between a hot source (heater, temperature TH) ...
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Figure 2: a) Sketch of a thermoelectric generator: two pieces of semiconducting materials with different (opp...
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Figure 3: Efficiency of a thermoelectric generator for different values of the material-dependent parameter Z...
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Figure 4: The Z parameter is reported as a function of temperature for few most common TE materials (n type)....
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Figure 5: Panel (a): Seebeck coefficient in silicon nanowires with triangular cross section as a function of ...
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Figure 6: Electrical conductivity σ of a silicon nanowire as a function of the nanowire width (triangular cro...
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Figure 7: Sketch of a top-down fabrication process for a device based on a silicon nanowire.
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Figure 8: A composition of SEM images of a device, based on a single silicon nanowire positioned between four...
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Figure 9: Sketches of the fabrication and mechanical clamping of a macroscopic thermoelectric generator based...
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Figure 10: Composition of SEM images of a large area network, made of silicon nanowires 3 μm long.
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Figure 11: Composition of SEM images of a large area network with a different texture, with respect to Figure 10. An hu...
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Figure 12: Sketch of the fabrication of vertical nanowire arrays. A sketch of a thermoelectric generator, base...
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Figure 13: SEM image showing a top view of very deep trenches in silicon, obtained by MaCE. Patterned gold str...
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Figure 14: The SEM image on the left shows a cross section of vertical structures, obtained by MaCE etching: P...
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Figure 15: SEM image of a silicon nanowire “forest” (cross-section), fabricated by MaCE of silicon in an HF/Ag...
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- Review
- Published 20 Aug 2014
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Scheme 1: Synthesis of a tetraphenyl-substituted CPP by Jasti et al.
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Scheme 2: Synthesis of tetraphenyl substituted CPP by Müllen et al.
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Scheme 3: Synthesis of substituted CPPs by Wegner et al.
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Scheme 4: Synthesis of acene inserted CPP by Itami et al.
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Scheme 5: Synthesis of a pyrene-inserted CPP by Itami et al.
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Scheme 6: Synthesis of a [9]cyclonaphthylene nanoring by Itami et al.
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Scheme 7: Synthesis of a naphthylene-containing CPP by Swager and Batson.
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Scheme 8: Synthesis of functionalized cycloparaphenylenes by Wang et al.
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Scheme 9: Synthesis of a CNT junction by Itami et al.
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Scheme 10: Synthesis of CPP dimers by Jasti et al.
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Scheme 11: Synthesis of a CPP dimer by Itami et al.
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Scheme 12: Synthesis of a zig-zag CNT fragment by Isobe et al.
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Scheme 13: Synthesis of a CPP with an inserted bipyridine by Itami et al.
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- Review
- Published 18 Sep 2014
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Scheme 1: General chemical modification routes for exfoliated graphene sheets. (a) [3 + 2] 1,3-dipolar cycloa...
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Figure 1: Illustrative energy diagram for the photo-induced formation of the charge-separated state of graphe...
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Figure 2: Tetraphenylporphyrin (TTP) condensed onto graphene oxide (GO) yielding GO–TPP hybrid material [44].
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Figure 3: Ferrocene units anchored to graphene oxide (GO) forming a GO–Fc hybrid material [50].
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Scheme 2: Iron(II) coordinated on terpyridine (tpy) moieties covalently anchored to graphene oxide (GO) formi...
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Scheme 3: “Click” reaction for the grafting of a porphyrin onto reduced graphene oxide sheets that was pre-mo...
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Figure 4: Free and Pd-metallated tetraphenylporphyrin moieties as substituents of pyrrolidine rings covalentl...
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Figure 5: Covalent grafting of (2-aminoethoxy)(tri-tert-butyl)phthalocyanine zinc to exfoliated graphene shee...
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Figure 6: Phthalocyanine–graphene hybrid material, prepared upon condensation of mono-OH-derivatized phthaloc...
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Figure 7: Sulfonyl-substituted zinc phthalocyanine covalently bound to pre-modified graphene via “click” chem...
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Figure 8: Extended tetrathiafulvalene units covalently attached to exfoliated graphene via Bingel cycloadditi...
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Figure 9: Graphene sheets covalently functionalized with a Ru-bipyridine complex [62].
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- Review
- Published 30 Sep 2014
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Figure 1: (a) The wrapping vector of a graphene sheet defines the structure (chirality) of a carbon nanotube....
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Figure 2: Sorting of empty and water-filled Arc SWCNTs (2% w/v SC). a) Centrifuge tube containing sorted Arc ...
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Figure 3: Schematic illustration of the different possible organizations of surfactant molecules on the surfa...
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Figure 4: Representative structures of poly(ethylene glycol), PEG44, and poly(ethylene glycol-bl-propylene su...
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- Review
- Published 13 Oct 2014
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Figure 1: The experimental XRD diffraction pattern obtained for ultrasound-treated graphite. Both hexagonal a...
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Figure 2: A typical second-order Raman spectra of an irradiated sample: the turbostratic (T) structure band (...
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Figure 3: EPR signal of ACFs in different temperatures.
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Figure 4: EPR signal intensity vs temperature fitted with the unmodified Curie’s law (red) and Curie’s law mo...
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Figure 5: EPR signal of ACFs. Adsorption/desorption of H2O: (a) initial signal of pure ACFs, signal gain 4∙104...
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Figure 6: Resistivity vs the reciprocal square root of temperature for pure ACFs and ACFs filled with dipolar...
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- Review
- Published 16 Oct 2014
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Figure 1: Evolution of the Si NC photoluminescence spectra (offseted for clarity) with high temperature annea...
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Figure 2: DLTS spectrum of a MOS structure with Ge NCs embedded in the oxide, with Arrhenius plot in the inse...
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Figure 3: Hybridization between F4-TCNQ and Si NC one-electron states. (a) Isosurface plot of the F4-TCNQ low...
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- Review
- Published 23 Oct 2014
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Figure 1: Scheme of the relative position of the highest occupied (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied (LUMO) molecul...
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Figure 2: Conductivity as a function of the gate voltage (σ(Vg)) of graphene at different exposures to K. The...
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Figure 3: a) Electronic band structure (eV) of a K atom on top of a graphene layer in the vicinity of the Fer...
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Figure 4: Molecular geometry of tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ).
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Figure 5: Plot of the workfunction of graphene (eV) as a function of the thickness (nm) of deposited F4-TCNQ....
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Figure 6: Molecular structure of a) pyrenetetrasulfonic acid (TPA) and b) tetracyanoethylene (TCNE).
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Figure 7: Molecular structure of toluene (C6H5CH3).
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Figure 8: Resistance (kOhm) as a function of the gate voltage (Vg) a) for pristine graphene after annealing i...
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- Review
- Published 23 Oct 2014
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Figure 1: Flexible MEA developed by Lin and colleagues. SEM micrographs showing vertically aligned CNTs on Pa...
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Figure 2: CNTs thin-films are optimal substrates for neuronal growth and development ex vivo (A–C) and improv...
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Figure 3: CNTs affect single-neuron excitability, inducing depolarising after-potentials (a). This behaviour ...
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Figure 4: Scanning electron micrographs show that, when exposed to animal blood serum proteins, polycrystalli...
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Figure 5: Sketch of the device for recording the extracellular electrical activity of cultured neuronal netwo...
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Figure 6: Three-dimensional graphene foam scaffolds allow neural stem cells to adhere and improve their proli...
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Correction
- Review
- Published 27 Oct 2014
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Figure 1: The simplified schematic description of a) XPEEM, b) LEEM. The energy analyzer (EA) is optional in ...
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Figure 2: Energy dependence of the (00) beam intensity for clean, Fe-covered and O-covered W(110) surfaces. T...
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Figure 3: a) Illustration of imaging spectroscopy in XAS mode. Fe nanowires on W(110) appear dark on the left...
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Figure 4: The SPELEEM instrument at the Nanospectroscopy beamline, Elettra Sincrotrone, Trieste. The sketch o...
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Figure 5: a) The energy distribution of the electron beam emitted from the LaB6 source acquired by keeping th...
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Figure 6: Tungsten 4f7/2 core level spectrum from a clean W(110) surface acquired in dispersive plane mode. T...
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Figure 7: Lateral resolution in LEEM. The inset shows a Ni monolayer island (dark) on W(110). The profile in ...
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Figure 8: LEEM images at a start voltage of 12 eV illustrating the evolution of the graphene/Ir(100) interfac...
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Figure 9: Graphene on Au/Ir(100) (left column) and Ir(100) (right column). (a) μ-ARPES near EF; the high symm...
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Figure 10: a) LEEM images (2 μm diameter) of monolayer Pd stripes on W(110). The lower left panel shows Pd on ...
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Figure 11: a) Magnetite islands and the FeO wetting layer on Ru(0001). Top panels show the island and magnetiz...
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- Review
- Published 04 Nov 2014
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Figure 1: HRTEM images of (a) diamond nanoparticles, (b) spherical carbon onions, and (c) polyhedral carbon o...
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Figure 2: Typical Raman spectra of pristine CNOs. Reprinted with permission from [21]. Copyright 2013 Elsevier.
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Scheme 1: Covalent functionalization pathways for CNOs.
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Scheme 2: Covalent functionalization of CNOs by an azomethine ylide addition [25].
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Scheme 3: Methods for the covalent functionalization of CNOs by azomethine ylide addition on CNOs and amidati...
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Scheme 4: Comparison of the reactivity of small N-CNOs and larger A-CNOs, prepared by different methods [27].
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Figure 3: Structure of a CNO–BODA copolymer. (A) CNO starting material (left) and BODA-functionalized CNOs (r...
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Scheme 5: Preparation of pyridyl-CNOs and an illustration of their supramolecular interaction with Zn-tetraph...
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Scheme 6: Illustration of polymerization reactions on CNOs following initial [2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction o...
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Scheme 7: “Tour” functionalization of CNOs and subsequent “click”-addition of a ZnTPP-derivative [37].
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Figure 4: First derivative TGA weight-loss curves of pristine CNO (black), treated once (light gray) and trea...
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Scheme 8: Fluorophore–CNO conjugates derived from benzoic acid-functionalized CNOs [39-41].
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Scheme 9: Schematic overview over the different polymeric structures utilized to functionalize CNOs [43-48].
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Figure 5: a) Autofluorescence images of different developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster from larva ...
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Figure 6: High-resolution TEM images of pristine CNOs (left). AFM topographs of pristine CNOs deposited on mi...
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Figure 7: Confocal images of azaBODIPY-CNOs in HeLa Kyoto cells (left) and BODIPY-CNOs in MCF-7 cells (right)...
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Figure 8: (a) A schematic showing the chemical activation of CNOs in KOH. TEM images of pristine CNO (b), ACN...
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Figure 9: Note: The authors of the original report refer to CNOs as onion-like carbon (OLC) (a) Schematic dia...
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- Review
- Published 13 Nov 2014
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Figure 1: SEM images and size distributions (with the mean diameter value in brackets and standard deviation,...
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Figure 2: Absorbance spectra (normalized): a) profiles a, b, and c of nanostructures shown in Figure 1a, b, and c, res...
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Figure 3: The particle size influence on the resonance peak position (circles) and linewidth (squares) of the...
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Figure 4: Influence of the gold NP size on the dephasing time of the plasmonic resonance; data from this work...
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Figure 5: Near-field intensity distributions in the vicinity of Au nanoarrays on SiO2 glass: a) scheme of the...
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Figure 6: Raman spectra of a 10−5 M dried solution of rhodamine R6G deposited on laser-nanostructured thin Au...
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Figure 7: a) Voltammetric curves of the reference electrodes of uncovered ITO and covered by non-processed 10...
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- Review
- Published 19 Nov 2014
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Figure 1: Schematic representation of two stacks of misfit compounds: (a) a misfit compound of type AB and (b...
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Figure 2: Structures of a monolayer of (a) MX and (b–e) TMX2. The TMX2 layer occurs in two configurations wit...
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Figure 3: Side view of two unit cells of misfit layer compounds with the TMX2 component either in trigonal pr...
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Figure 4: Different possible stacking types of misfit compounds projected along the [100] direction. The blue...
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Figure 5: Schematic representation of the density of states of a PbSe layer (left) and a NbSe2 layer (right)....
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Figure 6: SnS–SnS2 misfit compounds forming nanoscrolls and nanotubes. Yellow spheres represent sulfur atoms ...
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Figure 7: Superposition of the hexagonal carbon lattice and the six-membered SiO4 rings. (a) Top view, (b) si...
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- Review
- Published 20 Nov 2014
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Figure 1: Examples of different back-gated device architectures employed for carbon nanotube field-effect tra...
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Figure 2: Effects of NO2 adsorption on unpassivated nanotube transistors. a) Measurements from Kong et al. [7] s...
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Figure 3: Theoretically calculated adsorption energies for various NOx–CNT systems. The calculations show wid...
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Figure 4: Response of contact-passivated, pristine suspended carbon nanotube gas sensors. a) Transient respon...
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Figure 5: Hysteretic effects in carbon nanotubes lying on a substrate, as shown by Kim et al. [58] (a, b): a) A C...
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Figure 6: Pulsed gate sweep strategies to eliminate hysteresis in CNFETs [64]. a) Pulsed (p++) gate sweeps show a...
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Figure 7: Hysteresis-free transistors using ultraclean, suspended carbon nanotubes. Gate sweeps for a suspend...
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Figure 8: Drift suppression in suspended carbon nanotubes a) suspended carbon nanotube transistor and b) subs...
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Figure 9: Reduction of 1/f noise in suspended CNFETs. a) The results from Lin et al. [23] show a 10-fold decrease...
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- Review
- Published 21 Nov 2014
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Figure 1: Contact geometries: (a) side-bonded and (b) end-bonded contact configurations.
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Figure 2: The role of the Fermi level pinning effect at the metal–semiconductor interface. a) Simulation of b...
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Figure 3: The energy band diagram of a CNFET. a) The band bending effect at the metal–SWCNT interface for a m...
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Figure 4: The procedures for determining the Schottky barrier height. (a) CNFET transfer characteristics meas...
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Figure 5: Schematics of different approaches for characterizing the electrical contacts of CNFETs. a) An opti...
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Figure 6: Needle-like side-bonded contact. Reprinted with permission from [53]. Copyright 2010 Macmillan Publishe...
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Figure 7: TEM images for (a) metal deposition on suspended, as-grown SWCNTs. Ti displays the best wettability...
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Figure 8: Inspection of the cleanliness of SWCNTs. a) AFM image obtained after developing a PMMA resist from ...
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Figure 9: Improving the contact performance by post-metallization annealing. a) The process of removing conta...
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- Review
- Published 28 Nov 2014
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Figure 1: Photon diagrams for different linear and nonlinear optical processes. Solid horizontal lines are re...
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Figure 2: (a) Schematic representation of SFG spectroscopy in a reflection configuration on a surface. (b) Th...
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Figure 3: (a) Schematic representation of a SPP excitation (Kretschmann configuration) in which the plasmon m...
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Figure 4: (a) TEM image of gold nanorods (AuNRs) with an aspect ratio R equal to 6.5. (b) UV–vis measurements...
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Figure 5: (a) AFM image of a single rectangular gold nanowire with an aspect ratio of ca. 7. (b) CARS, SFG an...
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Figure 6: (Left) SFG spectra of silicon substrate immersed in a colloidal solution of gold NPs (17 nm diamete...
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Figure 7: (a) AFM image of the platinum nano-antenna array, the antennas sizing 40 nm in diameter and being s...
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Figure 8: (a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of gold nano-antennas possessing an average height of...
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Figure 9: White light (left) and SECARS (right) images of prostate biopsies incubated with SERS-labeled p63-a...
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Figure 10: (a) Schematic representation of the gold nanovoids. Depending on the gold film thickness, the voids...
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Figure 11: (a) SE-CARS spectrum obtained from a 12 µm thick layer of pyridine on the surface of NPs (red spect...
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- Review
- Published 04 Dec 2014
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Figure 1: Absorption spectra of graphene layers dispersed in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), γ-butyrolactone (GBL)...
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Figure 2: Carbon nanostructures produced with the addition of tiopronin. (a) TEM micrograph of a solution cas...
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Figure 3: Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of MWNTs from graphite upon the addition of ferrocene aldehyde. Repri...
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Figure 4: Slow-motion roll up of a graphene layer. Fc–CHO molecules template the rolling of the graphene shee...
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Figure 5: Schematic representation of reactive sites in graphene: surface faces, edges, and defects. Reprinte...
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Figure 6: Graphene functionalization on the faces and edges by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in DMF dispersio...
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Figure 7: TEM and AFM micrographs after the addition of Au NPs for the identification of reactive sites again...
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Figure 8: Synthesis of a graphene nano-platform supporting Ru4POM. Reproduced with permission from [43], copyrigh...
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Figure 9: Synthesis of a polyoxometalate–graphene nanohybrid by using the diazonium-based reaction. Reproduce...
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Figure 10: (a) Projections from a time sequence of dendron-functionalized Ru4POM together with their correspon...
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- Review
- Published 08 Jan 2015
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Figure 1: SEM images of BNNTs grown based on a CVD method. (a) Experimental setup, (b) stretching of dense BN...
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Figure 2: SEM images of the BNNTs products at the different reaction time and colemanite/catalyst ratios (w/w...
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Figure 3: Summary of chemical modification routes of BNNTs.
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Figure 4: Low (a) and high (b) magnification confocal images of fluorescently labeled, functionalized BNNTs, ...
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Figure 5: TEM images of ferritin molecules immobilized onto BNNT surfaces (a), EDS spectrum of BNNTs with imm...
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Figure 6: Scintigraphic image of radiolabeled, glycol chitosan BNNTs after (a) 30 min, (b) 1 h, and (c) 4 h a...
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Figure 7: Preparation process of PLC (left) and PLC–BNNTs (right) and (a,b) SEM images of a PLC–BNNT composit...
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Figure 8: Schematic representation of a humidity sensor test system with a single BNNT and a single BNNT–AgNP...
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Figure 9: Schematic representation of a poly-L-lysine-, fluorescent probe- and folate-modified BNNT. Figure a...
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- Review
- Published 15 Jan 2015
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Figure 1: Structural models of graphitic carbon nanomaterials. Clockwise from top left: graphene, graphite, C...
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Figure 2: The photoemission response of metallicity-separated and purified single-walled carbon nanotube buck...
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Figure 3: An XPS measurement and peak assignment of nitrogen-doped graphene prepared by chemical vapor deposi...
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- Review
- Published 03 Feb 2015
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Figure 1: Left: Example of Wulff construction for orthorhombic material. xy plane is parallel to the (001) pl...
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Figure 2: Atomistic Wulff constructions for Au nanoparticles using surface energies published in Refs. [15] and [17]....
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Figure 3: Schematic representation of the adsorption of a surfactant on a gold surface. Spheres represent gol...
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Figure 4: Wulff construction for the nanoparticles of LiBH4. The blue spheres are for lithium, red for boron ...
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- Review
- Published 19 Feb 2015
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Figure 1: Images of (a) a typical MWCNT and (b,d) typical VGCNFs. A schematic representation is given in (c) ...
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Figure 2: Schematic of a method for producing filled SWCNTs and MWCNTs via arc discharge in solution. Metalli...
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Figure 3: (a,b,c) Transmission electron micrographs of a hollow CVD-grown CNF with the graphene caps indicate...
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- Review
- Published 25 Feb 2015
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Figure 1: π-Electron distribution in cumulene (top) and polyyne (bottom). Calculation by A. Botello-Mendez an...
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Figure 2: Electron microscopy image of carbon chains (arrowed). The carbon chains span between aggregates on ...
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Figure 3: A carbon chain spanning between an iron crystal (bottom) and a graphitic aggregate (top). Both act ...
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Figure 4: Measured current–voltage characteristic of a carbon chain (measurements by A. La Torre). A TEM imag...
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Figure 5: Different hybridization states of the end atoms of carbon chains when they are connected to a graph...
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Figure 6: Formation of a pair of carbon chains during the breakage of a graphene ribbon under electron irradi...
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- Review
- Published 27 Feb 2015
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Figure 1: Schematic layout of general modes of soft X-ray microscopy. STXM and SPEM are focused probe methods...
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Figure 2: Calculated penetration depths of X-rays and electrons in dependence of their energy. The penetratio...
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Figure 3: Schematic setup of a scanning transmission X-ray microscope (STXM).
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Figure 4: A full field transmission X-ray microscope (TXM) for a bending magnet source uses two zone plate le...
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Figure 5: Schematic setup of the HZB-TXM for NEXAFS studies: Monochromatic X-rays are collected with an achro...
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Figure 6: Measured integrated photon flux at the sample position of the HZB-TXM using a 10 µm exit slit of th...
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Figure 7: Workflow for NEXAFS-TXM: A data set of images at different photon energies is taken with the HZB-TX...
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- Review
- Published 18 Jun 2015
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Figure 1: Atomic diffusion based on (a) the direct exchange mechanism, (b) the ring mechanism and (c) the vac...
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Figure 2: Schematic illustration describing the different stages occurring during the formation of voids at t...
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Figure 3: Morphological evolution of CoSe hollow nanocrystals as a function of the selenization time. Figure ...
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Figure 4: A scheme describing the Kirkendall-induced hollowing process of nanospheres consisting of a core/sh...
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Figure 5: TEM micrographs and corresponding schemes of 26 nm nickel nanospheres oxidized in air at 300 °C for...
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Figure 6: TEM micrographs showing the conversion stages of the CdS shell during the sulfidation of Cd nanosph...
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Figure 7: Sequential TEM micrographs recorded in situ to monitor the dynamic transformation of bismuth nanosp...
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Figure 8: TEM (a) and high-resolution TEM (b) micrographs showing the Kirkendall voids formed at a ZnO–Al2O3 ...
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Figure 9: TEM micrographs and corresponding illustrations showing the chronological evolution of a Cu nanowir...
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Figure 10: (a,b) SEM micrographs showing the high fidelity of copper oxide nanotubes prepared on nanograted si...
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Figure 11: Representations of the different morphologies that can be obtained by thermal oxidation of nickel n...
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Figure 12: TEM micrograph of (a) thick (≈250 nm in diameter) and (c) thin (≈140 nm) nickel nanowires after the...
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Figure 13: TEM micrographs of ZnO/Al2O3 core/shell oscillatory nanowires before (a) and after (b) annealing at...
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Figure 14: False-color TEM micrographs of some possible periodic Cu nanostructures that can be sculpted using ...
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- Review
- Published 16 Jul 2015
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Figure 1: Illustration of (a) spherical aberration (b) ideal lens and (c) chromatic aberration.
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Figure 2: HRTEM images of MWCNTs acquired (a) at 200 kV without Cs correction; (b) at 120 kV without Cs corre...
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Figure 3: (a) Threshold energy Td needed to displace carbon atoms from armchair multi-walled carbon nanotubes...
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Figure 4: (a–b) Reconstruction of the atomic network of a CNT near vacancies and adatoms is predicted by atom...
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Figure 5: (a–d) Obtaining a 2D displacement map of a (28,0) SWCNT; reproduced with permission from [60], Copyrigh...
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Figure 6: (a–d) Graphene edge spectroscopy; reproduced with permission from [29], Copyright (2010) Nature Publish...
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Figure 7: SWCNT growth from Fe with possible occurrence of a carbide phase. The HRTEM images show the growth ...
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Figure 8: Dynamic study of Ru4POM functionalized on graphene. (a) Projections from a time sequence of functio...
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