Ionic liquids as transesterification catalysts: applications for the synthesis of linear and cyclic organic carbonates

Maurizio Selva,
Alvise Perosa,
Sandro Guidi and
Lisa Cattelan

Review
Published 26 Aug 2016

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1. Graphical Abstract
2. Scheme 1: The transesterification of diethyl oxalate (DEO) with phenol catalyzed by MoO₃/SiO₂.
  
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3. Scheme 2: Transesterification of a triglyceride (TG) with DMC for biodiesel production using KOH as the base ...
  
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4. Scheme 3: Top: Green methylation of phosphines and amines by dimethyl carbonate (Q = N, P). Bottom: anion met...
  
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5. Figure 1: Structures of some representative SILs and PILs systems. MCF is a silica-based mesostructured mater...
  
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6. Scheme 4: Synthesis of the acid polymeric IL. EGDMA: ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
  
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7. Scheme 5: The transesterification of sec-butyl acetate with MeOH catalyzed by some acidic imidazolium ILs.
  
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8. Figure 2: Representative examples of ionic liquids for biodiesel production.
  
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9. Scheme 6: Top: phosgenation of methanol; middle: EniChem and Ube processes; bottom: Asahi process for the pro...
  
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10. Scheme 7: The transesterification in the synthesis of organic carbonates.
  
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11. Scheme 8: The transesterification of DMC with alcohols and diols.
  
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12. Scheme 9: Transesterification of glycerol with DMC in the presence of 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-2-carboxy...
  
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13. Scheme 10: Synthesis of the BMIM-2-CO₂ catalyst from butylimidazole and DMC.
  
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14. Scheme 11: Plausible cooperative (nucleophilic–electrophilic) mechanism for the transesterification of glycero...
  
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15. Scheme 12: Synthesis of diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene-based ionic liquids.
  
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16. Scheme 13: Synthesis of the DABCO–DMC ionic liquid.
  
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17. Scheme 14: Cooperative mechanism of ionic liquid-catalyzed glycidol production.
  
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18. Scheme 15: [TMA][OH]-catalyzed synthesis of glycidol (GD) from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate [46].
  
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19. Scheme 16: [BMIM]OH-catalyzed synthesis of DPC from DMC and 1-pentanol.
  
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20. Figure 3: Representative examples of ionic liquids for biodiesel production.
  
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21. Figure 4: Acyclic non-symmetrical organic carbonates synthetized with 1-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-3-methylimida...
  
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22. Scheme 17: A simplified reaction mechanism for DMC production.
  
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23. Scheme 18: [P₈₈₈₁][MeOCO₂] metathesis with acetic acid and phenol.
  
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24. Figure 5: Examples of carbonates obtained through transesterification using phosphonium salts as catalysts.
  
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25. Scheme 19: Examples of carbonates obtained from different bio-based diols using [P₈₈₈₁][CH₃OCO₂] as catalyst.
  
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26. Scheme 20: Ambiphilic catalysis for transesterification reactions in the presence of carbonate phosphonium sal...
  
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