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Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2334–2344, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.178
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Complanadine natural products and their plausible biosynthesis.
Scheme 2: The Siegel total synthesis of complanadine A enabled by [2 + 2 + 2] cycloadditions.
Scheme 3: The Sarpong total synthesis of complanadine A enabled by a biomimetic strategy and C–H activation.
Scheme 4: The Tsukano total synthesis of complanadine A enabled by Diels–Alder cycloaddition, Heck cyclizatio...
Scheme 5: The Dai total synthesis of complanadine A using single-atom skeletal editing.
Scheme 6: Comparative summary of the four complanadine A total syntheses.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 702–715, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.70
Figure 1: Selected piperazine-containing small-molecule pharmaceuticals.
Figure 2: Strategies for the synthesis of carbon-substituted piperazines.
Figure 3: The first α-lithiation of N-Boc-protected piperazines by van Maarseveen et al. in 2005 [37].
Figure 4: α-Lithiation of N-Boc-N’-tert-butyl piperazines by Coldham et al. in 2010 [38].
Figure 5: Diamine-free α-lithiation of N-Boc-piperazines by O’Brien, Campos, et al. in 2010 [40].
Figure 6: The first enantioselective α-lithiation of N-Boc-piperazines by McDermott et al. in 2008 [41].
Figure 7: Dynamic thermodynamic resolution of lithiated of N-Boc-piperazines by Coldham et al. in 2010 [38].
Figure 8: Enantioselective α-lithiation of N-Boc-N’-alkylpiperazines by O’Brien et al. in 2013 and 2016 [42,43].
Figure 9: Asymmetric α-functionalization of N-Boc-piperazines with Ph2CO by O’Brien et al. in 2016 [43].
Figure 10: A “chiral auxiliary” strategy toward enantiopure α-functionalized piperazines by O’Brien et al. 201...
Figure 11: Installation of methyl group at the α-position of piperazines by O’Brien et al. 2016 [43].
Figure 12: α-Lithiation trapping of C-substituted N-Boc-piperazines by O’Brien et al. 2016 [43].
Figure 13: Rh-catalyzed reactions of N-(2-pyridinyl)piperazines by Murai et al. in 1997 [52].
Figure 14: Ta-catalyzed hydroaminoalkylation of piperazines by Schafer et al. in 2013 [55].
Figure 15: Photoredox catalysis for α-C–H functionalization of piperazines by MacMillan et al. in 2011 and 201...
Figure 16: Copper-catalyzed aerobic C–H oxidation of piperazines by Touré, Sames, et al. in 2013 [67].
Figure 17: Free radical approach by Undheim et al. in 1994 [68].
Figure 18: Anodic oxidation approach by Nyberg et al. in 1976 [70].