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Search for "cucurbit[7]uril" in Full Text gives 8 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Insight into functionalized-macrocycles-guided supramolecular photocatalysis
- Minzan Zuo,
- Krishnasamy Velmurugan,
- Kaiya Wang,
- Xueqi Tian and
- Xiao-Yu Hu
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 139–155, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.15
- supramolecular PDI–CB[7] complex and structures of monomers and the chain transfer agent. Republished with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry from [48] (“Visible light induced aqueous RAFT polymerization using a supramolecular perylene diimide/cucurbit[7]uril complex” by Y. Yang et al., Polym. Chem
- ., Orthogonal Supramolecular Assembly Triggered by Inclusion and Exclusion Interactions with Cucurbit[7]uril for Photocatalytic H2 Evolution, ChemSusChem, John Wiley and Sons. Structures of COP-1, CMP-1, and their substrate S-1 and S-2. Supramolecular self-assembly of the light-harvesting system formed by WP5
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Chemical structures of representative macrocycles.
Figure 2: Ba2+-induced intermolecular [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition of crown ether-functionalized substrates 1 a...
Figure 3: Energy transfer system constructed of a BODIPY–zinc porphyrin–crown ether triad assembly bound to a...
Figure 4: The sensitizer 5 was prepared by a flavin–zinc(II)–cyclen complex for the photooxidation of benzyl ...
Figure 5: Enantiodifferentiating Z–E photoisomerization of cyclooctene sensitized by a chiral sensitizer as t...
Figure 6: Structures of the modified CDs as chiral sensitizing hosts. Adapted with permission from [24], Copyrigh...
Figure 7: Supramolecular 1:1 and 2:2 complexations of AC with the cationic β-CD derivatives 16–21 and subsequ...
Figure 8: Construction of the TiO2–AuNCs@β-CD photocatalyst. Republished with permission of The Royal Society...
Figure 9: Visible-light-driven conversion of benzyl alcohol to H2 and a vicinal diol or to H2 and benzaldehyd...
Figure 10: (a) Structures of CDs, (b) CoPyS, and (c) EY. Republished with permission of The Royal Society of C...
Figure 11: Conversion of CO2 to CO by ReP/HO-TPA–TiO2. Republished with permission of The Royal Society of Che...
Figure 12: Thiacalix[4]arene-protected TiO2 clusters for H2 evolution. Reprinted with permission from [37], Copyri...
Figure 13: 4-Methoxycalix[7]arene film-based TiO2 photocatalytic system. Reprinted from [38], Materials Today Chem...
Figure 14: (a) Photodimerization of 6-methylcoumarin (22). (b) Catalytic cycle for the photodimerization of 22...
Figure 15: Formation of a supramolecular PDI–CB[7] complex and structures of monomers and the chain transfer a...
Figure 16: Ternary self-assembled system for photocatalytic H2 evolution (a) and structure of 27 (b). Figure 16 reprodu...
Figure 17: Structures of COP-1, CMP-1, and their substrate S-1 and S-2.
Figure 18: Supramolecular self-assembly of the light-harvesting system formed by WP5, β-CAR, and Chl-b. Reprod...
Figure 19: Photocyclodimerization of AC based on WP5 and WP6.
Using multiple self-sorting for switching functions in discrete multicomponent systems
- Amit Ghosh and
- Michael Schmittel
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2831–2853, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.233
- ), cucurbit[7]uril (3), and the two chalcones 1 and 2 in aqueous solution [48]. When the hosts 3 and 4 were mixed with the trans-chalcones 1 and 2 as guests in a 1:1:1:1 ratio, instantly a statistical mixture formed displaying all four possible host–guest complexes. After the exposure to an acid, the ensuing
- rearrangement after the protonation of 1 and 2 furnished exclusively the two complexes [(1•H+)(3)] and [(2•H+)(4)] (Figure 3). The reduced affinity of the cucurbit[7]uril toward the protonated diethylamino-substituted guest in combination with the concomitant increased binding for the dimethylammonium
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Some selected self-sorting outcomes and their qualitative and quantitative assessment.
Figure 2: Illustration of an integrative vs a non-integrative self-sorting.
Figure 3: The pH-driven four-component 2-fold completive self-sorting based on host–guest chemistry.
Figure 4: (a) The monomers 5 and 6 and their H-bonding array. (b) The hydrogen-bonded octameric and tetrameri...
Figure 5: (a) Two new Zn4L6-type cages. (b) The encapsulation of C70 induced distinct reconstitutions within ...
Figure 6: The formation of octahedral cages (a) [Co6(10')4]12+ and (b) [Co6(11')4]12+. (c) The 2-fold complet...
Figure 7: Exchange of Ag+ for Au+ ions in poly-NHC ligand-based organometallic assemblies.
Figure 8: The reversible interconversion between the three-component rectangle [Cu4(16)2(17)2]4+ and the four...
Figure 9: a) Chemical structure of the monomer 20 with its quadruple hydrogen-bonding array and a metal-affin...
Figure 10: Communication between the nanoswitch 21 and the supramolecular assemblies [Cu4(22)2(24)2]4+ or [Cu6(...
Figure 11: (a) The chemical structures and cartoon representations of the switch 25, the decks 26 and 27, and ...
Figure 12: Double self-sorting leads to a catalytic machinery in SelfSORT-II, in which the 46 kHz-nanorotor ac...
Figure 13: ON/OFF control of a networked catalytic catch–release system.
Figure 14: A multicomponent information system for the reversible reconfiguration of switchable dual catalysis....
Figure 15: a) The chemically fueled cascaded ion translocation, monitored by distinct emission colors. b) Work...
Figure 16: Cyclic metallosupramolecular transformations.
Figure 17: Fully reversible multiple-state rearrangement of metallosupramolecular architectures depending upon...
Figure 18: The selective encapsulation and sequential release of guests in a self-sorted mixture of three tetr...
Figure 19: Two catalytic reactions are alternately controlled by a toggle nanoswitch.
Figure 20: A biped walking along a tetrahedral track and unfolding its catalytic action. Adapted with permissi...
Figure 21: A three state supramolecular AND logic gate.
Figure 22: Four-component nanorotor and its catalytic activity. Adapted with permission from (Biswas, P. K.; S...
NMR Spectroscopy of supramolecular chemistry on protein surfaces
- Peter Bayer,
- Anja Matena and
- Christine Beuck
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2505–2522, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.203
- adds more hydrophobic interactions with the aromatic side walls of the bowl-shaped calixarene core. A similar, but even more pronounced trend, is observed for the pumpkin-shaped macrocycle cucurbit[7]uril, favoring the trimethylated over unmethylated lysine by a factor of 3500 [49]. Methylated lysines
- the free guests and both complexes. This study revealed that the binding affinity of cucurbit[7]uril to methylated lysines increases with increasing number of methyl groups (KMe3 > KMe2 > KMe > K). Ligand-detected 1H NMR for compound screening Ligand-detected 1H NMR methods have been well established
- docking that the Cyt c/porphyrin complexes exist as a dynamic ensemble where multiple surface patches can transiently interact with the ligand through a combination of hydrophobic interactions with the porphyrin core and electrostatic interactions with the carboxylate substituents. Cucurbit[7]uril and
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Ligands targeting charged areas on protein surfaces discussed in this review. The protein shown as ...
Figure 2: 1H NMR titration of lysine with tweezers. All signals show chemical shift perturbations and differe...
Figure 3: 1H,15N-HSQC Titration of full-length hPin1 with supramolecular tweezers (original data). (a) Spectr...
Figure 4: Relative signal intensities can be used to identify ligand binding sites (schematic representation ...
Figure 5: Schematic 1H,15N-HSQC spectrum of tauF4 (chemical shifts from BMRB # 17945, [109]) with and without spec...
Figure 6: H2(C)N spectra specific for arginine (a) and lysine (b) residues of the hPin1-WW domain at differen...
Fabrication, characterization and adsorption properties of cucurbit[7]uril-functionalized polycaprolactone electrospun nanofibrous membranes
- Changzhong Chen,
- Fengbo Liu,
- Xiongzhi Zhang,
- Zhiyong Zhao and
- Simin Liu
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 992–999, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.97
- , Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China 10.3762/bjoc.15.97 Abstract The fabrication of electrospun nanofibers comprising cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is reported. Various techniques such as SEM, FTIR, XRD, DSC and TG were utilized to characterize the morphology, composition
- isotherm model. Keywords: adsorption; cucurbit[7]uril; electrospinning; macrocycles; methylene blue; nanofiber; Introduction Electrospinning is recognized as the most simple and versatile method to fabricate multifunctional nanofibers from the solution or melt of polymers, polymer/nanoparticle mixtures
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Schematic illustration of the fabricating process of PCL/CB[7] composite nanofibers and the adsorpt...
Figure 1: Representative SEM images and the corresponding diameter distribution of the nanofibers: (a) neat P...
Figure 2: XRD curves of PCL, CB[7] and the PCL/CB[7] nanofibers.
Figure 3: DSC thermograms of nanofibers for the melting cycle (A) and cooling cycle (B). (a) neat PCL; (b) PC...
Figure 4: Adsorption kinetics curve of the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) by the electrospun nanofibrous m...
Figure 5: Adsorption isotherms (a) and the corresponding Langmuir plot (b) and Freundlich plot (c) for MB ads...
Tetrathiafulvalene – a redox-switchable building block to control motion in mechanically interlocked molecules
- Hendrik V. Schröder and
- Christoph A. Schalley
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2163–2185, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.190
- hydrophobic TTF (1) in aqueous media [65]. Another water-soluble host which can complex TTFs is cucurbit[7]uril (7) [66]. However, it is not the neutral form, but the TTF radical cation 1●+ which is preferably bound in the cavity of this host. Even the dication 12+ can be hosted by suitable macrocycles. For
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: The two one-electron oxidation reactions of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF, 1) and the corresponding prope...
Figure 2: UV–vis spectra and photographs of TTF 2 in its three stable oxidation states (black line = 2, orang...
Figure 3: Structure and conformations of two TTF dimers in solution, the mixed-valence and the radical-cation...
Figure 4: (a) The isomerism problem of TTF. (b)–(d) Major synthetic breakthroughs for the construction of TTF...
Figure 5: (a) Host–guest equilibrium between π-electron-poor cyclophane 3 and different TTFs with their corre...
Figure 6: TTF complexes with different host molecules.
Figure 7: Stable TTF (a) radical-cation and (b) mixed-valence dimers in confined molecular spaces.
Figure 8: A “three-pole supramolecular switch”: Controlled by its oxidation state, TTF (1) jumps back and for...
Figure 9: Redox-controlled closing and opening motion of the artificial molecular lasso 12.
Figure 10: Graphical illustration how a non-degenerate TTF-based shuttle works under electrochemical operation....
Figure 11: The first TTF-based rotaxane 13.
Figure 12: A redox-switchable bistable molecular shuttle 14.
Figure 13: The redox-switchable cyclodextrin-based rotaxane 15.
Figure 14: The redox-switchable non-ionic rotaxane 16 with a pyromellitic diimide macrocycle.
Figure 15: The redox-switchable TTF rotaxane 17 based on a crown/ammonium binding motif.
Figure 16: Structure and operation of the electro- and photochemically switchable rotaxane 18 which acts as po...
Figure 17: (a) The redox-switchable rotaxane 19 with a donor–acceptor pair which is stable in five different s...
Figure 18: Schematic representation of a molecular electronic memory based on a bistable TTF-based rotaxane. (...
Figure 19: Schematic representation of bending motion of a microcantilever beam with gold surface induced by o...
Figure 20: TTF-dimer interactions in a redox-switchable tripodal [4]rotaxane 22.
Figure 21: (a) A molecular friction clutch 23 which can be operated by electrochemical stimuli. (b) Schematic ...
Figure 22: Fusion between rotaxane and catenane: a [3]rotacatenane 24 which can stabilize TTF dimers.
Figure 23: The first TTF-based catenane 25.
Figure 24: Electrochemically controlled circumrotation of the bistable catenane 26.
Figure 25: A tristable switch based on the redox-active [2]catenane 27 with three different stations.
Figure 26: Structure of catenane-functionalized MOF NU-1000 [108] with structural representation of subcomponents. ...
Figure 27: (a) [3]Catenanes 29 and 30 which can stabilize mixed-valence or radical-cation dimers of TTF. (b) S...
Rational design of boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) reporter dyes for cucurbit[7]uril
- Mohammad A. Alnajjar,
- Jürgen Bartelmeß,
- Robert Hein,
- Pichandi Ashokkumar,
- Mohamed Nilam,
- Werner M. Nau,
- Knut Rurack and
- Andreas Hennig
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1961–1971, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.171
- -dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes as a new class of fluorophores for the design of reporter dyes for supramolecular host–guest complex formation with cucurbit[7]uril (CB7). The BODIPYs contain a protonatable aniline nitrogen in the meso-position of the BODIPY chromophore, which was functionalized with known binding
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: a) The “anchor group” approach for a rational design of CB–dye pairs involving a thermodynamic cycl...
Scheme 1: Synthesis of BODIPY derivatives.
Figure 2: a) Normalized absorption (solid line) and normalized fluorescence emission spectrum (dotted line) o...
Figure 3: a) Fluorescence spectral changes (λexc = 470 nm) upon addition of CB7 to 50 nM 1 in 10 mM citrate b...
Figure 4: Fluorescence pH titration of 2 and the respective complex (in presence of 3 mM CB7) in 30% (v/v) AC...
Figure 5: Fluorescence displacement titrations (λex = 470 nm, λem = 510 nm). a) 5 µM 2 and 2.5 µM CB7 with cy...
Figure 6: FCS autocorrelation curves obtained with 10 nM 2 in the absence (red fitted line) and presence (blu...
Figure 7: Fluorescence microscopy images of 1 mg/mL polymer microspheres a) with or b) without surface-bound ...
Interactions between photoacidic 3-hydroxynaphtho[1,2-b]quinolizinium and cucurbit[7]uril: Influence on acidity in the ground and excited state
- Jonas Becher,
- Daria V. Berdnikova,
- Darinka Dzubiel,
- Heiko Ihmels and
- Phil M. Pithan
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 203–212, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.23
- , the blue-shifted fluorescence of the hydroxyquinolizinium becomes dominant only under strongly acidic conditions. In addition, it is shown that 3-hydroxynaphtho[1,2-b]quinolizinium binds to cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) with moderate affinity (Kb = 1.8 × 104 M−1, pH 5) and that the pKa and pKa* values of
- this ligand increase by about two to three orders of magnitude, respectively, when bound to CB[7]. Keywords: azoniahetarenes; cucurbit[7]uril; heterocycles; photoacids; supramolecular photochemistry; Introduction The complexation of ligands by macrocyclic host molecules, such as crown ethers
- solution, only the blue-shifted emission band was observed at 438 nm that increases by a factor of ca. 2 on addition of acid and decreases slightly after addition of base (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). Interactions of 2 with cucurbit[7]uril The binding interactions between quinolizinium 2 and
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structures of quinolizinium derivatives 1a–c and 2.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of 3-hydroxynaphtho[1,2-b]quinolizinium bromide (2).
Figure 2: Absorption (A, c = 100 µM) and normalized emission spectra (B, c = 10 µM or Abs. = 0.1 at λex) of d...
Figure 3: Photometric (A) and fluorimetric (B) acid–base titration (λex = 380 nm) of naphthoquinolizinium 2 (c...
Figure 4: Absorption spectra of 2 (c = 100 µM) in MeOH (A) and MeCN (B). Black lines: without additive, red: ...
Figure 5: Normalized emission spectra of 2 (c = 10 µM) in MeOH (A, λex = 400 nm) and MeCN (B, λex = 398 nm). ...
Figure 6: Photometric titration of CB[7] (c = 0.45 mM) to 2 (c = 15 µM) in BPE buffer (with 10% v/v DMSO) at ...
Figure 7: Photometric (A) and fluorimetric (B) acid–base titration (λex = 380 nm) of 2 (c = 15 µM) in the pre...
Scheme 2: Acid–base equilibrium of hydroxynaphthoquinolizinium 2.
Figure 8: Structures of quinolizinium derivatives 6–8.
Molecular recognition of organic ammonium ions in solution using synthetic receptors
- Andreas Späth and
- Burkhard König
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 32, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.32
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Biologically important amines and quaternary ammonium salts: histamine (1), dopamine (2) and acetyl...
Figure 2: Crown ether 18-crown-6.
Figure 3: Conformations of 18-crown-6 (4) in solvents of different polarity.
Figure 4: Binding topologies of the ammonium ion depending on the crown ring size.
Figure 5: A “pseudorotaxane” structure consisting of 24-crown-8 and a secondary ammonium ion (5); R = Ph.
Figure 6: Typical examples of azacrown ethers, cryptands and related aza macrocycles.
Figure 7: Binding of ammonium to azacrown ethers and cryptands [111-113].
Figure 8: A 19-crown-6-ether with decalino blocking groups (11) and a thiazole-dibenzo-18-crown-6-ether (12).
Figure 9: 1,3-Bis(6-oxopyridazin-1-yl)propane derivatives 13 and 14 by Campayo et al.
Figure 10: Fluorescent azacrown-PET-sensors based on coumarin.
Figure 11: Two different pyridino-cryptands (17 and 18) compared to a pyridino-crown (19); chiral ammonium ion...
Figure 12: Pyridino-18-crown-6 ligand (21), a similar acridino-18-crown-6 ligand (22) and a structurally relat...
Figure 13: Ciral pyridine-azacrown ether receptors 24.
Figure 14: Chiral 15-crown-5 receptors 26 and an analogue 18-crown-6 ligand 27 derived from amino alcohols.
Figure 15: C2-symmetric chiral 18-crown-6 amino alcohol derivatives 28 and related macrocycles.
Figure 16: Macrocycles with diamide-diester groups (30).
Figure 17: C2-symmetric chiral aza-18-crown-6 ethers (31) with phenethylamine residues.
Figure 18: Chiral C-pivot p-methoxy-phenoxy-lariat ethers.
Figure 19: Chiral lariat crown ether 34.
Figure 20: Sucrose-based chiral crown ether receptors 36.
Figure 21: Permethylated fructooligosaccharide 37 showing induced-fit chiral recognition.
Figure 22: Biphenanthryl-18-crown-6 derivative 38.
Figure 23: Chiral lariat crown ethers derived from binol by Fuji et al.
Figure 24: Chiral phenolic crown ether 41 with “aryl chiral barriers” and guest amines.
Figure 25: Chiral bis-crown receptor 43 with a meso-ternaphthalene backbone.
Figure 26: Chromogenic pH-dependent bis-crown chemosensor 44 for diamines.
Figure 27: Triamine guests for binding to receptor 44.
Figure 28: Chiral bis-crown phenolphthalein chemosensors 46.
Figure 29: Crown ether amino acid 47.
Figure 30: Luminescent receptor 48 for bis-alkylammonium guests.
Figure 31: Luminescent CEAA (49a), a bis-CEAA receptor for amino acids (49b) and the structure of lysine bindi...
Figure 32: Luminescent CEAA tripeptide for binding small peptides.
Figure 33: Bis crown ether 51a self assembles co-operatively with C60-ammonium ion 51b.
Figure 34: Triptycene-based macrotricyclic dibenzo-[24]-crown-8 ether host 52 and guests.
Figure 35: Copper imido diacetic acid azacrown receptor 53a and the suggested His-Lys binding motif; a copper ...
Figure 36: Urea (54) and thiourea (55) benzo crown receptor for transport and extraction of amino acids.
Figure 37: Crown pyryliums ion receptors 56 for amino acids.
Figure 38: Ditopic sulfonamide bridged crown ether receptor 57.
Figure 39: Luminescent peptide receptor 58.
Figure 40: Luminescent receptor 59 for the detection of D-glucosamine hydrochloride in water/ethanol and lumin...
Figure 41: Guanidinium azacrown receptor 61 for simple amino acids and ditopic receptor 62 with crown ether an...
Figure 42: Chiral bicyclic guanidinium azacrown receptor 63 and similar receptor 64 for the enantioselective t...
Figure 43: Receptors for zwitterionic species based on luminescent CEAAs.
Figure 44: 1,10-Azacrown ethers with sugar podand arms and the anticancer agent busulfan.
Figure 45: Benzo-18-crown-6 modified β-cyclodextrin 69 and β-cyclodextrin functionalized with diaza-18-crown-6...
Figure 46: Receptors for colorimetric detection of primary and secondary ammonium ions.
Figure 47: Porphyrine-crown-receptors 72.
Figure 48: Porphyrin-crown ether conjugate 73 and fullerene-ammonium ion guest 74.
Figure 49: Calix[4]arene (75a), homooxocalix[4]arene (75b) and resorcin[4]arene (75c) compared (R = H, alkyl c...
Figure 50: Calix[4]arene and ammonium ion guest (R = H, alkyl, OAcyl etc.), possible binding sites; A: co-ordi...
Figure 51: Typical guests for studies with calixarenes and related molecules.
Figure 52: Lower rim modified p-tert-butylcalix[5]arenes 82.
Figure 53: The first example of a water soluble calixarene.
Figure 54: Sulfonated water soluble calix[n]arenes that bind ammonium ions.
Figure 55: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with a sulfonato-calix[6]arene (84b).
Figure 56: Amino acid inclusion in p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (84a).
Figure 57: Calixarene receptor family 86 with upper and lower rim functionalization.
Figure 58: Calix[6]arenes 87 with one carboxylic acid functionality.
Figure 59: Sulfonated calix[n]arenes with mono-substitution at the lower rim systematically studied on their r...
Figure 60: Cyclotetrachromotropylene host (91) and its binding to lysine (81c).
Figure 61: Calixarenes 92 and 93 with phosphonic acids groups.
Figure 62: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid (94a) and a double bridged analogue (94b).
Figure 63: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid ester (92c) for surface recognition experiments.
Figure 64: Calixarene receptors 95 with α-aminophosphonate groups.
Figure 65: A bridged homocalix[3]arene 95 and a distally bridged homocalix[4]crown 96.
Figure 66: Homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 97a and the Reichardt’s dye (97b) for colorimetric assays.
Figure 67: Chromogenic diazo-bridged calix[4]arene 98.
Figure 68: Calixarene receptor 99 by Huang et al.
Figure 69: Calixarenes 100 reported by Parisi et al.
Figure 70: Guest molecules for inclusion in calixarenes 100: DAP × 2 HCl (101a), APA (101b) and Lys-OMe × 2 HC...
Figure 71: Different N-linked peptido-calixarenes open and with glycol chain bridges.
Figure 72: (S)-1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol calixarene derivative 104 published by Kubo et al.
Figure 73: A chiral ammonium-ion receptor 105 based on the calix[4]arene skeleton.
Figure 74: R-/S-phenylalaninol functionalized calix[6]arenes 106a and 106b.
Figure 75: Capped homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 107.
Figure 76: Two C3 symmetric capped calix[6]arenes 108 and 109.
Figure 77: Phosphorous-containing rigidified calix[6]arene 110.
Figure 78: Calix[6]azacryptand 111.
Figure 79: Further substituted calix[6]azacryptands 112.
Figure 80: Resorcin[4]arene (75c) and the cavitands (113).
Figure 81: Tetrasulfonatomethylcalix[4]resorcinarene (114).
Figure 82: Resorcin[4]arenes (115a/b) and pyrogallo[4]arenes (115c, 116).
Figure 83: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with tetracyanoresorcin[4]arene (117).
Figure 84: Tetramethoxy resorcinarene mono-crown-5 (118).
Figure 85: Components of a resorcinarene based displacement assay for ammonium ions.
Figure 86: Chiral basket resorcin[4]arenas 121.
Figure 87: Resorcinarenes with deeper cavitand structure (122).
Figure 88: Resorcinarene with partially open deeper cavitand structure (123).
Figure 89: Water-stabilized deep cavitands with partially structure (124, 125).
Figure 90: Charged cavitands 126 for tetralkylammonium ions.
Figure 91: Ditopic calix[4]arene receptor 127 capped with glycol chains.
Figure 92: A calix[5]arene dimer for diammonium salt recognition.
Figure 93: Calixarene parts 92c and 129 for the formation molecular capsules.
Figure 94: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by two resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe4+@[75c]2 × Cl−...
Figure 95: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by six resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe3D+@[130]6 × Cl−...
Figure 96: Structure and schematic of cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6], 131a).
Figure 97: Cyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril (CB′[6], 132) and the guest molecule spermine (133).
Figure 98: α,α,δ,δ-Tetramethylcucurbit[6]uril (134).
Figure 99: Structure of the cucurbituril-phthalhydrazide analogue 135.
Figure 100: Organic cavities for the displacement assay for amine differentiation.
Figure 101: Displacement assay methodology for diammonium- and related guests involving cucurbiturils and some ...
Figure 102: Nor-seco-Cucurbituril (±)-bis-ns-CB[6] (140) and guest molecules.
Figure 103: The cucurbit[6]uril based complexes 141 for chiral discrimination.
Figure 104: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) and its ferrocene guests (142) opposed.
Figure 105: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) guest inclusion and representative guests.
Figure 106: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) binding to succinylcholine (145) and different bis-ammonium and bis-phosphon...
Figure 107: Paraquat-cucurbit[8]uril complex 149.
Figure 108: Gluconuril-based ammonium receptors 150.
Figure 109: Examples of clefts (151a), tweezers (151b, 151c, 151d) and clips (151e).
Figure 110: Kemp’s triacid (152a), on example of Rebek’s receptors (152b) and guests.
Figure 111: Amino acid receptor (154) by Rebek et al.
Figure 112: Hexagonal lattice designed hosts by Bell et al.
Figure 113: Bell’s amidinium receptor (156) and the amidinium ion (157).
Figure 114: Aromatic phosphonic acids.
Figure 115: Xylene phosphonates 159 and 160a/b for recognition of amines and amino alcohols.
Figure 116: Bisphosphonate recognition motif 161 for a colorimetric assay with alizarin complexone (163) for ca...
Figure 117: Bisphosphonate/phosphate clip 164 and bisphosphonate cleft 165.
Figure 118: N-Methylpyrazine 166a, N-methylnicotinamide iodide (166b) and NAD+ (166c).
Figure 119: Bisphosphate cavitands.
Figure 120: Bisphosphonate 167 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 121: Tweezer 168 for noradrenaline (80b).
Figure 122: Different tripods and heparin (170).
Figure 123: Squaramide based receptors 172.
Figure 124: Cage like NH4+ receptor 173 of Kim et al.
Figure 125: Ammonium receptors 174 of Chin et al.
Figure 126: 2-Oxazolin-based ammonium receptors 175a–d and 176 by Ahn et al.
Figure 127: Racemic guest molecules 177.
Figure 128: Tripods based on a imidazole containing macrocycle (178) and the guest molecules employed in the st...
Figure 129: Ammonium ion receptor 180.
Figure 130: Tetraoxa[3.3.3.3]paracyclophanes 181 and a cyclophanic tetraester (182).
Figure 131: Peptidic bridged paraquat-cyclophane.
Figure 132: Shape-selective noradrenaline host.
Figure 133: Receptor 185 for binding of noradrenaline on surface layers from Schrader et al.
Figure 134: Tetraphosphonate receptor for binding of noradrenaline.
Figure 135: Tetraphosphonate 187 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 136: Zinc-Porphyrin ammonium-ion receptors 188 and 189 of Mizutani et al.
Figure 137: Zinc porphyrin receptor 190.
Figure 138: Zinc porphyrin receptors 191 capable of amino acid binding.
Figure 139: Zinc-porphyrins with amino acid side chains for stereoinduction.
Figure 140: Bis-zinc-bis-porphyrin based on Tröger’s base 193.
Figure 141: BINAP-zinc-prophyrin derivative 194 and it’s guests.
Figure 142: Bisaryl-linked-zinc-porphyrin receptors.
Figure 143: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 199 for diamine recognition and guests.
Figure 144: Bis-zinc-porphyrin crown ether 201.
Figure 145: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 202 for stereodiscrimination (L = large substituent; S = small substituent).
Figure 146: Bis-zinc-porphyrin[3]rotaxane and its copper complex and guests.
Figure 147: Dien-bipyridyl ligand 206 for co-ordination of two metal atoms.
Figure 148: The ligand and corresponding tetradentate co-complex 207 serving as enantioselective receptor for a...
Figure 149: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) complex 208 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 150: Zinc-salen-complexes 209 for the recognition tertiary amines.
Figure 151: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) 211 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 152: Zn(II)-complex of a C2 terpyridine crown ether.
Figure 153: Displacement assay and receptor for aspartate over glutamate.
Figure 154: Chiral complex 214 for a colorimetric displacement assay for amino acids.
Figure 155: Metal complex receptor 215 with tripeptide side arms.
Figure 156: A sandwich complex 216 and its displaceable dye 217.
Figure 157: Lanthanide complexes 218–220 for amino acid recognition.
Figure 158: Nonactin (221), valinomycin (222) and vancomycin (223).
Figure 159: Monesin (224a) and a chiral analogue for enantiodiscrimination of ammonium guests (224b).
Figure 160: Chiral podands (226) compared to pentaglyme-dimethylether (225) and 18-crown-6 (4).
Figure 161: Lasalocid A (228).
Figure 162: Lasalocid derivatives (230) of Sessler et al.
Figure 163: The Coporphyrin I tetraanion (231).
Figure 164: Linear and cyclic peptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 165: Cyclic and bicyclic depsipeptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 166: α-Cyclodextrin (136a) and novocaine (236).
Figure 167: Helical diol receptor 237 by Reetz and Sostmann.
Figure 168: Ammonium binding spherand by Cram et al. (238a) and the cyclic[6]metaphenylacetylene 238b in compar...
Figure 169: Receptor for peptide backbone and ammonium binding (239).
Figure 170: Anion sensor principle with 3-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide of Jiang et al.
Figure 171: 7-bromo-3-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)naphthalene 2-carboxamide (241) and its amine binding.
Figure 172: Naturally occurring catechins with affinity to quaternary ammonium ions.
Figure 173: Spiropyran (244) and merocyanine form (244a) of the amino acid receptors of Fuji et al.
Figure 174: Coumarin aldehyde (245) and its iminium species with amino acid bound (245a) by Glass et al.
Figure 175: Coumarin aldehyde appended with boronic acid.
Figure 176: Quinolone aldehyde dimers by Glass et al.
Figure 177: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptors with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motifs.
Figure 178: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptor with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motif bound on different m...
