Nanoreactors for green catalysis

• M. Teresa De Martino,
• Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen,
• Floris P. J. T. Rutjes and
• Jan C. M. van Hest

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 716–733, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.61

• , namely: (polymer) vesicles, micelles, dendrimers and nanogels. The ability and efficiency of catalytic nanoreactors to carry out organic reactions in water, to perform cascade reaction and their ability to be recycled will be discussed. Keywords: catalysis; dendrimers; green chemistry; nanogels

• more achievable. Nanocompartments such as polymersomes [40], micelles [41], dendrimers [42], and nanogels [43][44] represent smart and compact devices to carry out reactions in aqueous media. Besides, their facile recyclability make them very suitable as nanoreactors for a multitude of applications in

• , polymersomes, dendrimers and nanogels. The choice of discussing these nanoreactors stems from their accredited relevance in the field of catalysis and the significant number of examples published in literature. The advantageous aspects of these four classes of nanoreactors over non-supported homogeneous

Dinuclear thiazolylidene copper complex as highly active catalyst for azid–alkyne cycloadditions

• Anne L. Schöffler,
• Ata Makarem,
• Frank Rominger and
• Bernd F. Straub

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1566–1572, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.151

• conditions [4][5][6]. The CuAAC reaction has found broad application in the preparation of peptide-conjugates [7][8], multicomponent syntheses [9], preparation of hydrogels, microgels and nanogels [10], (anion) supramolecular chemistry [11][12], in medicinal chemistry [13], therapeutics, biomaterials and

Aggregation behaviour of amphiphilic cyclodextrins: the nucleation stage by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations

• Giuseppina Raffaini,
• Antonino Mazzaglia and
• Fabio Ganazzoli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2459–2473, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.267

• attracting an increasing attention [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8], including also the new polymeric CD nanogels [9] and nanosponges [10][11][12][13]. Over the past twenty years, amphiphilic cyclodextrins (aCD) formed with α-, β-, or γ-CD have given rise to a wide interest in the scientific community because of

Preparation of Pickering emulsions through interfacial adsorption by soft cyclodextrin nanogels

• Shintaro Kawano,
• Toshiyuki Kida,
• Mitsuru Akashi,
• Hirofumi Sato,
• Motohiro Shizuma and
• Daisuke Ono

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2355–2364, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.257

• -active property. Results: CD nanogels were prepared by crosslinking heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin with phenyl diisocyanate and subsequent immersion of the resulting polymer in water. A dynamic light scattering study shows that primary CD nanogels with 30–50 nm diameter assemble into larger CD

• nanogels with 120 nm diameter by an increase in the concentration of CD nanogel from 0.01 to 0.1 wt %. The CD nanogel has a surface-active property at the air–water interface, which reduces the surface tension of water. The CD nanogel works as an effective Pickering emulsion stabilizer even at a low

• concentration (0.1 wt %), forming stable oil-in-water emulsions through interfacial adsorption by the CD nanogels. Conclusion: Soft CD nanogel particles adsorb at the oil–water interface with an effective coverage by forming a strong interconnected network and form a stable Pickering emulsion. The adsorption

Chemoselective O-acylation of hydroxyamino acids and amino alcohols under acidic reaction conditions: History, scope and applications

• Tor E. Kristensen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 446–468, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.51

Polymeric redox-responsive delivery systems bearing ammonium salts cross-linked via disulfides

• Christian Dollendorf,
• Martin Hetzer and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1652–1662, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.189

• delivery [5][6][7]. In general, temperature- and pH-responsive hydrogels containing hydrophilic monomers show low toxicity along with a high efficiency in drug delivery [8]. Besides, cross-linked cationic nanogels have been suggested as DNA delivery systems [9][10][11]. Hamamoto et al. reported a cross

Miniemulsion polymerization as a versatile tool for the synthesis of functionalized polymers

• Daniel Crespy and
• Katharina Landfester

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 1132–1148, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.130

• require very high polymerization temperatures. Star copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol were crosslinked in inverse miniemulsion via an esterification reaction with a dithiodicarboxylic acid to yield nanogels [124]. The disulfide bonds were subsequently cleaved by reduction to yield

• thiols, whereas the nanogels were stable in PBS solution. Radiation-induced polymerization Miniemulsions initiated by 60Co γ-rays are reported in a separate paragraph because of their peculiarities. The γ-ray initiated miniemulsion polymerization was conducted to synthesize polystyrene particles [125