The chemistry and biology of mycolactones

• Matthias Gehringer and
• Karl-Heinz Altmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1596–1660, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.159

Chemical modification allows phallotoxins and amatoxins to be used as tools in cell biology

• Jan Anderl,
• Hartmut Echner and
• Heinz Faulstich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2072–2084, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.233

• .8.233 Abstract Phallotoxins inhibit the dynamics of microfilaments in cells and lead to apoptosis. Due to poor cellular uptake these effects cannot be studied in live cells, even at millimolar toxin concentrations, nor can phalloidin be used for the elimination of tumor cells. Uptake is greatly enhanced

• toxin conjugates to the plasma membrane, followed by endocytosis and, in most cases, cleavage of the toxin from the carrier. Interestingly, the internalization rate of phalloidin into cells was also significantly increased by the fluorescent moiety tetramethylrhodaminyl, as well as by high molecular

• , into live cells. Keywords: amatoxins; cellular uptake; endocytosis; peptides; phalloidin; phallotoxins; Introduction Phallotoxins and amatoxins, the two families of toxic cyclopeptides produced by the green death cap Amanita phalloides, have been the subject of intense biochemical research for

Synthesis of szentiamide, a depsipeptide from entomopathogenic Xenorhabdus szentirmaii with activity against Plasmodium falciparum

• Friederike I. Nollmann,
• Andrea Dowling,
• Marcel Kaiser,
• Klaus Deckmann,
• Sabine Grösch,
• Richard ffrench-Constant and
• Helge B. Bode

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 528–533, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.60

• for 45 min at 28 °C (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen). Hemocyte monolayers were washed with 1× PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min before permeabilizing with 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS for 10 min. Cells were stained with FITC-conjugated phalloidin and Hoechst 33258 and finally washed with PBS