A scanning probe microscopy study of nanostructured TiO2/poly(3-hexylthiophene) hybrid heterojunctions for photovoltaic applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2087–2096. doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.197
Supporting Information
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Supporting Information.
Figure S1 shows a FM-AFM height image obtained in UHV astride the step from a nanostructured TiO2/P3HT-COOH HHJ to the ITO electrode lying below. The applied DC sample bias was varied during the measurement, without illumination. This result aims at demonstrating the absence of floating potential across the layer composing the sample. Figure S2 shows the superimposition of FM-KPFM height and Vcpd profiles over a nanostructured TiO2 film obtained in UHV and recorded with and without illumination. The result aimed at demonstrating the absence of light-induced artefact during the recording of topography, as well as the negligibility of the photovoltaic effect at the TiO2/ITO interface. |
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Philippe Leclère, Rüdiger Berger, Benjamin Grévin and Yi Zhang
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Figure 1: Raman spectra of irradiated HOPG (LD-LE, LD-HE, HD-LE and HD-HE). Pristine HOPG is shown for compar...
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Figure 2: Deconvolution of a) D band and b) 2D band. The dotted vertical lines are drawn as a guide to the ey...
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Figure 3: Linear dependence of the (total) ID/ID′ ratio and the (separate) contributions of ID1/ID′ and ID2/I...
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Figure 4: a) Hysteresis loops of pristine HOPG and irradiated samples with low (LD) and high (HD) H+ doses, i...
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Figure 5: AFM images and height profiles of (a, d) pristine HOPG, (b, e) HOPG irradiated at low dose and low ...
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Figure 6: Statistical analysis of superficial defect sizes obtained from AFM images for a) low dose (LD-LE) a...
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Figure 1: Samples after adhesion test. (a–c) Mo/SLG; (d–f) Mo/Cr/SLG. (a, d) 100 W, 10 mTorr, (b, e) 150 W, 5...
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Figure 2: Sheet resistivity of Mo/Cr films prepared at different values of sputtering power and pressure.
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Figure 4: Average surface roughness of Mo/Cr films prepared at different sputtering powers and pressures.
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Figure 5: X-ray diffraction peaks of Mo/Cr films prepared using different values of sputtering power and pres...
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Figure 6: Optical reflectance of Mo/Cr films prepared using different values of sputtering power and pressure....
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Figure 7: XPS depth profile of the Mo/Cr films deposited at 200 W and 3 mTorr.
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Figure 8: J–V characteristics of the CZTS cell with Mo/Cr bilayer back contact.
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Figure 1: Bright-field TEM images of size-selected magnetite–gold NPs with in situ synthesized Au seeds: A) M...
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Figure 2: XRD patterns of Fe3O4–Au NPs. Panels are sorted by magnetic NP size from bottom to top – samples MN...
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Figure 7: Cell viability study (MTS assay) of 4T1 cells after 15 and 30 min incubation with NPs during AMF ex...
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Figure 1: (a) Example of one mesh used for the simulations. The nanorod overall length and diameter are 85 nm...
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Figure 2: (a) Enhancement of the fundamental intensity evaluated at the nanorod extremities (2.5 nm away from...
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Figure 3: Maximal second harmonic generation (SHG) as a function of the gap between the nanorods. The maximal...
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Figure 4: Normalized near-field distributions of the second harmonic electric field intensity close to the go...
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Figure 5: Far-field second harmonic intensity for the entire surface nonlinear polarization (100%) and for pa...
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Figure 6: (a) Mesh used for the dimers with defects. In this example, the gap is 20 nm. Far-field second harm...
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Figure 7: (a) Example of one mesh used for the simulations for the dimers with rectangular arms. The nanopart...
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Figure 8: (a) Enhancement of the fundamental intensity evaluated at the nanorod extremities (2.5 nm away from...
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Figure 9: Far-field second harmonic intensity for the entire surface nonlinear polarization (100%) and for pa...
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Figure 1: Schematic representation of the electronic distributions around two donors (represented in red) in ...
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Figure 2: (a) Bohr radii
![[Graphic 7]](/bjnano/content/inline/2190-4286-9-249-i7.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
and energy for one electron bound to a donor pair ![[Graphic 8]](/bjnano/content/inline/2190-4286-9-249-i8.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
as a function of R. For R = 2a*, ...
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Figure 3: Minimum dielectric constant that guarantees the existence of bound states and the validity of EMA f...
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Figure 1: (a) SEM image of silver nanorods. The 0° and 90° polarization orientations correspond to the nanoro...
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Figure 2: Extinction spectra of the silver nanorod arrays covered with photochromic molecules before (in SPY)...
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Figure 3: (a) Experimental spectral evolution of the transverse (90°) plasmonic peak as a function of the rod...
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Figure 4: (a) Extinction spectrum (grey curve) recorded with a 70 nm wide and 90 nm long nanorod array covere...
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Figure 1: Representative SEM images of a) and b) linear and c) and d) H-shaped nanoantenna arrays with differ...
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Figure 2: a) Typical IR transmission spectrum for the array of nanoantennas with a length of 1800 nm. The low...
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Figure 3: Optimized nanoantenna length L vs the transverse crossarm length LH for H-shaped nanoantennas with ...
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Figure 4: Distribution of the normalized LSPR electric field magnitude on top of the Si surface underlying th...
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Figure 5: IR transmission spectra of the array of a) nanoantennas and b) microantennas measured at different ...
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Figure 8: IR transmission spectra of the linear nanoantenna arrays before nanocrystal (NC) deposition (black ...
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Figure 1: SEM images, a) top and b) cross section, of TNTs for each of the anodization times (ta): c) 0.5 h, ...
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Figure 2: High-resolution XPS spectra for Ti 2p, O 1s, F 1s and N 1s obtained for the TNTs after each ta.
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Figure 3: X-ray diffraction patterns of TNT grown at different ta.
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Figure 4: Raman spectra for TNT grown at different ta. Laser intensity: 2.5 mW/cm2.
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Figure 6: Extracted photo-current density, jph, from potentiodynamic curves for the TNTs grown at different ta...
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Figure 1: (a) Photograph of a sandfish (S. scincus) in its natural habitat (copyright Gerrit Jan Verspui). (b...
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Figure 2: SEM images of some probes used in this study. (a) Sharp tip of a conventional AFM cantilever made f...
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Figure 8: Comparison of the friction coefficients as measured by AFM and microtribometry in a sphere-on-plate...
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Figure 1: (a) Schematics of experiment showing polarizations of the pre-pulse E1 and the main pulse E2 in the...
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Figure 2: X-ray intensities from (a) a water film and (b) a film of a colloidal suspension of gold nanosphere...
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Figure 5: FDTD simulations of light-field enhancement under the conditions of the experiment: angle of incide...
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Figure 1: Scheme of the formation of the gold nanoislands.
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Figure 2: SEM images of 2.8 nm Au films on a Si(111) substrate: a) as prepared, annealed at b) 150 °C, c) 200...
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Figure 3: SEM images of 2.8 nm Au films on a Si(111) substrate annealed at a) 450 °C, b) 550 °C, c) 600 °C fo...
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Figure 4: SEM images of Au films of different thicknesses on a Si(111) substrate annealed at 550 °C for 15 mi...
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Figure 5: a) Number of nanoparticles and b) average diameter of nanoparticles as function of the Au film thic...
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Figure 6: Left: AFM image of a 2.8 nm Au film on a Si(111) substrate annealed at 550 °C for 15 min; right: cr...
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Figure 7: XRD result of a 2.8 nm Au film annealed at 550 °C for 15 min and an as-prepared 2.8 nm Au film on S...
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Figure 8: XPS (Au region) results for the 2.8 nm Au thin film on a Si(111) substrate annealed at 550 °C for 1...
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Figure 9: XPS result (Si region) for the 2.8 nm Au film on a Si(111) substrate annealed at 550 °C for 15 min.
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Figure 10: Absorbance spectra recorded for a 2.8 nm Au film on a Si(111) substrate annealed at 550 °C for 15 m...
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Figure 11: SEM image of the gold nanoislands on the silicon substrate (sample 2.8 nm Au film on Si(111) substr...
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Figure 12: Setup for the FDTD and FDTD/DFT simulations. Left: view from the bottom, zx-plane; yellow rectangle...
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Figure 13: Calculated intensity distribution of the electromagnetic field with unpolarized incident light of a...
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Figure 14: Calculated amplitudes of the components of the electromagnetic field with unpolarized incident ligh...
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Figure 15: Calculated absorbance (as log(Io/Ir), where Io is an incident flux, and Ir – reflected flux), as th...
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Figure 1: Block-flow diagram of the environment of the pattern generator program using input from a geometry ...
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Figure 2: Illustration of the three dimensional pitch Π3D, projected in the x–z-plane: In every frame each ac...
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Figure 3: Visualization of the height-dependent deposition rate: The blue circles correspond to vertices defi...
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Figure 4: Schematic overview of the angle-sorted proximity avoiding algorithm (asPAA). a: In order to minimiz...
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Figure 5: Schematic overview of the best permutation proximity avoiding algorithm (bpPAA). The algorithm gene...
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Figure 6: Calibration of deposition speed parameters xF und zF. Shown is one deposition series from 52° tilte...
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Figure 7: Angle-test structure consisting of several elements. Each element has a vertical pillar and a tilte...
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Figure 8: Avoiding of proximity effects: A and B are 2 × 2 arrays of cubes resting on a short pillar. They ar...
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Figure 9: Comparison of the angle-sorted proximity avoiding algorithm (asPAA) and the best permutation PAA (b...
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Figure 10: Height correction: Both left images are taken from a 52° tilted view. (A) is deposited without heig...
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Figure 11: Array of trees, each consisting of a root and three branches. The roots of the trees of the second ...
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Figure 12: Buckyball structure in top and side view (52° tilted). Precursor: Me3CpMePt(IV), normal mode.
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Figure 13: 2 × 2 array of nanotrees consisting of a root and branches deposited with the CoFe precursor and a ...
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Figure 14: Working principle of the simple shadowing algorithm. A plane is defined parallel to the opening of ...
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Figure 15: In order to investigate the shape of edge tips with different edge inclination, deposits like shown...
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Figure 1: (a) Schematic cross-sectional view and (b) the initial transfer characteristics of a-IGZO TFTs with...
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Figure 2: Variation in the transfer characteristics of a-IGZO TFTs with (a) TIGZO = 25, (b) 45, (c) 75, and (...
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Figure 3: Variation in the transfer characteristics in the forward measurement for a-IGZO TFTs with (a) TIGZO...
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Figure 4: (a) Variation in Vth of the transfer curves of a-IGZO TFTs with various TIGZO in the reverse measur...
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Figure 5: C−V curves before and after the NBIS duration of 104 s with (a) TIGZO = 25, (b) 45, (c) 75, and (d)...
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Figure 6: Schematic diagram of NBIS-induced degradation mechanism in a-IGZO TFTs with (a) TIGZO < 45 and (b) ...
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Figure 1: Scanning electron microscopy and white light profilometry images of laser-textured bearing steel (1...
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Figure 2: Stribeck curve-like pin-on-disc experiments for a variation in sliding speed from 20 to 170 mm/s fo...
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Figure 3: Stribeck curve-like pin-on-disc experiments for a variation in sliding speed from 20 to 170 mm/s fo...
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Figure 4: Stribeck curve-like pin-on-disc experiments for a variation in sliding speed from 20 to 170 mm/s fo...
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Figure 5: Comparison of the average friction coefficient for the last 250 m of unlubricated tribological exper...
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Figure 1: (a) Scanning electron microscopy image of a sensor realization consisting of a silicon microcantile...
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Figure 2: Calculated microcantilever amplitude response curve of the co-resonantly coupled system based on th...
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Figure 3: (a) Resonance amplitudes of both resonance peaks of the coupled system calculated for the microcant...
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Figure 4: This diagram represents the necessary calculation steps to determine the effective spring constant
![[Graphic 7]](/bjnano/content/inline/2190-4286-9-237-i43.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
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Figure 5: Effective spring constants for both resonance peaks of the coupled system in dependence on the eige...
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Figure 6: Effective quality factor for both resonance peaks of the coupled system in dependence on the eigenf...
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Figure 7: Qualitative behaviour of the effective quality factor for both resonance peaks of the coupled syste...
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Figure 1: (a) 1H NMR, (b) gas chromatogram, and (c) FTIR spectrum of 2-(N-methylmethacrylamido)acetate (MMAA)....
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Figure 2: Scheme of RAFT copolymerization of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) with methyl 2-(N-methyl...
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Figure 3: FTIR spectrum of poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide-co-2-(N-methylmethacrylamido)acetate] [P(HP...
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Figure 5: Schematic illustration of the interaction between PHMPA and a maghemite nanoparticle followed by th...
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Figure 7: Comparison of short- and long-term cytotoxicity of γ-Fe2O3@PHPMA (NP), Dox, and γ-Fe2O3@P(HPMA-MMAA...
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Figure 8: Comparison of short- and long-term cytotoxicity of γ-Fe2O3@PHPMA (NP), Dox, and γ-Fe2O3@P(HPMA-MMAA...
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Figure 9: Fluorescence micrographs of (a) primary hMSCs, (b) tumor MG-63, and (c) HeLa cells after 48 h of in...
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Figure 10: Cytomorphological determination of chromatin hypercondensation in DAPI-stained murine B16 melanoma ...
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Figure 1: Computational screening. (a) Models for six low-index surfaces (unrelaxed); (b) Calculated values o...
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Figure 2: CuO catalyst characterization. (a,b) TEM images of CuO NWs; (c) TEM image of CuO NBs (inset is the ...
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Figure 3: CH4 conversion against the temperature. (a) Heating profile (Tmax = 850 °C) for NBs, NWs and NPs, w...
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Figure 4: CH4 oxidation mechanism by computational calculations. (a) Clean (001); (b) CH4 physical adsorption...
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Figure 5: Energy profile for CH4 oxidation. The geometries are shown in Figure 4.
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Figure 1: (a) Evaluation of molar ratio of the amino groups in the nanoparticles to the phosphate groups, NH2...
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Figure 2: IR (a) and UV (b) spectra of Si–NH2.
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Figure 3: TEM images of Si–NH2 (a) nanoparticles and Si–NH2·ODN(1) nanocomplexes (b).
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Figure 4: (a) 3D and (b) 2D AFM images of the Si–NH2·ODN(1) nanocomplex and (c) a suface profile along the li...
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Figure 6: Virus titer (log TCID50/mL) of A/chicken/Kurgan/05/2005 virus (H5N1) in the presence of the samples...
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Figure 1: (A) Schematic representation for the preparation of CaP@5-FU NPs. (B) The UV–visible spectrum of Ca...
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Figure 2: (A) The hydrodynamic diameter and (B) zeta potential of CaP@5-FU NPs in PBS buffer. (C) The FTIR sp...
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Figure 3: The X-ray diffraction pattern of (A) CaP NPs and (B) CaP@5-FU NPs. (C) TEM and (D) FE-SEM micrograp...
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Figure 4: Analysis of cell viability by MTT assay for (A) NIH 3T3, (B) A549 and (C) HCT-15 cells upon CaP@5-F...
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Figure 5: Fluorescence microscopy images of (A) AO/EB stained A549 and HCT-15 cells after 0.5 IC50 and IC50 w...
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Figure 6: FE-SEM micrograph of untreated control cells A549 and HCT-15 along with CaP@5-FU treated cells at IC...
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Figure 7: Flow cytometric analysis of (A) CellRox deep red for ROS quantification and intensity of propidium ...
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Figure 8: (A) Gene expression studies of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes in untreated and CaP@5-FU NP-tr...
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Figure 1: Size chart of nanocellulose based on material length (with microscopic images of various nanocellul...
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Figure 2: The structures of (a) cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and (b) cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) produced fr...
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Figure 3: Resultant chemical structures of nanocellulose prepared via (a) mechanical refining, enzymatic hydr...
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Figure 4: The morphology of MNC forward osmosis membranes with amino silane functionality as well as Pt and A...
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Figure 1: Scheme of the apparatus for the electrospinning process.
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Figure 2: (A) A schematic of the measuring procedure of the size of beads and the diameter of the fiber (wher...
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Figure 3: Geometric shape of the liquid meniscus at the outlet of the nozzle for 20% PVP solution with flow r...
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Figure 4: SEM micrographs of nanofibers obtained under various conditions: (1) PVP 8% (µ−, Q−, U−); (2) PVP 8...
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Figure 5: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained bead-free fibers (D...
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Figure 6: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained bead-free fibers (D...
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Figure 7: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained bead-free fibers (D...
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Figure 8: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained beaded fibers (d) ...
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Figure 9: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained beaded fibers (d) ...
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Figure 10: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained beaded fibers (d) ...
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Figure 11: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the size of obtained beads (db) on the electric...
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Figure 12: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the size of obtained beads (db) on the electric...
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Figure 13: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the size of obtained beads (db) on the dynamic ...
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Figure 1: (a) Magnetization as a function of the magnetic field for sample GM3 at T = 300 K. Measurements wer...
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Figure 2: Room-temperature saturation magnetization (Msat) as a function of the carrier concentration (Np) (t...
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Figure 3: Magnetotransport properties of sample GM3: (a) Field dependence of the anomalous Hall component at ...
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Figure 4: TEM images of the film cross section after annealing (sample GM3): (a) bright-field image, (b) HRTE...
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Figure 5: (a,d) HRTEM images of sample areas. (b,e) Corresponding two-dimensional Fourier spectra. (c,f) Calc...
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Figure 6: AFM (a,c) and MFM (b,d) images of the same surface at 303 K (a,b) and 413 K (c,d). AFM (e) and MFM ...
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Figure 1: Schematic of the numerical models used in this work. Left: 2D discretization in springs and masses ...
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Figure 2: Dimensionless friction force
![[Graphic 5]](/bjnano/content/inline/2190-4286-9-229-i10.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
as function of time for the non-graded material: SBM solution for dif...
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Figure 3: Examples of stepwise linearly increasing and triangular property gradients considered in this work ...
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Figure 4: Effect of a gradient in the local coefficients of friction on the global static coefficient of fric...
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Figure 5: Propagation of the detachment front at the static friction threshold (left) and immediately after (...
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Figure 6: Dimensionless friction force as function of time for two values of Δ, calculated using the SBM and ...
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Figure 7: Effect of a gradient in the local coefficients of friction on the global dynamic coefficient of fri...
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Figure 8: Effect of a gradient in the local coefficients of friction on the global static coefficient of fric...
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Figure 9: Effect of a gradient in the Young’s modulus on the global static coefficient of friction, expressed...
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Figure 10: Effect of a gradient in the Young’s modulus on the global dynamic coefficient of friction, expresse...
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Figure 11: Effect of a triangular gradient in the Young’s modulus on the global static coefficient of friction...
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Figure 12: Propagation of the detachment front at the static friction threshold (left) and immediately after (...
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