Hydrothermal-derived carbon as a stabilizing matrix for improved cycling performance of silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion full cells
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2381–2395. doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.223
Supporting Information
Additional figure, showing SEM micrographs of the physical mixture of Si and C in different magnifications, and a table, summarizing the tap densities of the C:Si composites. Additional figure showing the CEs, EEs and VEs in the charge/discharge current experiments for the Si/C composites with a carbon to silicon ratio of 100:0 (a), 90:10 (b) and 80:20 (c).
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Martina Schmid and Harry Mönig
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Figure 1: (a) Evaluation of molar ratio of the amino groups in the nanoparticles to the phosphate groups, NH2...
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Figure 2: IR (a) and UV (b) spectra of Si–NH2.
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Figure 3: TEM images of Si–NH2 (a) nanoparticles and Si–NH2·ODN(1) nanocomplexes (b).
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Figure 4: (a) 3D and (b) 2D AFM images of the Si–NH2·ODN(1) nanocomplex and (c) a suface profile along the li...
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Figure 5: Fluorescence microscopy images of A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells after their incubation with ...
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Figure 6: Virus titer (log TCID50/mL) of A/chicken/Kurgan/05/2005 virus (H5N1) in the presence of the samples...
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Figure 1: (A) Schematic representation for the preparation of CaP@5-FU NPs. (B) The UV–visible spectrum of Ca...
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Figure 2: (A) The hydrodynamic diameter and (B) zeta potential of CaP@5-FU NPs in PBS buffer. (C) The FTIR sp...
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Figure 3: The X-ray diffraction pattern of (A) CaP NPs and (B) CaP@5-FU NPs. (C) TEM and (D) FE-SEM micrograp...
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Figure 4: Analysis of cell viability by MTT assay for (A) NIH 3T3, (B) A549 and (C) HCT-15 cells upon CaP@5-F...
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Figure 5: Fluorescence microscopy images of (A) AO/EB stained A549 and HCT-15 cells after 0.5 IC50 and IC50 w...
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Figure 6: FE-SEM micrograph of untreated control cells A549 and HCT-15 along with CaP@5-FU treated cells at IC...
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Figure 7: Flow cytometric analysis of (A) CellRox deep red for ROS quantification and intensity of propidium ...
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Figure 8: (A) Gene expression studies of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes in untreated and CaP@5-FU NP-tr...
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Figure 1: Size chart of nanocellulose based on material length (with microscopic images of various nanocellul...
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Figure 2: The structures of (a) cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and (b) cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) produced fr...
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Figure 3: Resultant chemical structures of nanocellulose prepared via (a) mechanical refining, enzymatic hydr...
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Figure 4: The morphology of MNC forward osmosis membranes with amino silane functionality as well as Pt and A...
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Figure 1: Scheme of the apparatus for the electrospinning process.
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Figure 2: (A) A schematic of the measuring procedure of the size of beads and the diameter of the fiber (wher...
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Figure 3: Geometric shape of the liquid meniscus at the outlet of the nozzle for 20% PVP solution with flow r...
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Figure 4: SEM micrographs of nanofibers obtained under various conditions: (1) PVP 8% (µ−, Q−, U−); (2) PVP 8...
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Figure 5: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained bead-free fibers (D...
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Figure 6: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained bead-free fibers (D...
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Figure 7: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained bead-free fibers (D...
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Figure 8: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained beaded fibers (d) ...
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Figure 9: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained beaded fibers (d) ...
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Figure 10: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the diameter of the obtained beaded fibers (d) ...
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Figure 11: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the size of obtained beads (db) on the electric...
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Figure 12: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the size of obtained beads (db) on the electric...
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Figure 13: Response surface plots presenting the dependence of the size of obtained beads (db) on the dynamic ...
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Figure 1: (a) Magnetization as a function of the magnetic field for sample GM3 at T = 300 K. Measurements wer...
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Figure 2: Room-temperature saturation magnetization (Msat) as a function of the carrier concentration (Np) (t...
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Figure 3: Magnetotransport properties of sample GM3: (a) Field dependence of the anomalous Hall component at ...
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Figure 4: TEM images of the film cross section after annealing (sample GM3): (a) bright-field image, (b) HRTE...
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Figure 5: (a,d) HRTEM images of sample areas. (b,e) Corresponding two-dimensional Fourier spectra. (c,f) Calc...
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Figure 6: AFM (a,c) and MFM (b,d) images of the same surface at 303 K (a,b) and 413 K (c,d). AFM (e) and MFM ...
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Figure 1: Schematic of the numerical models used in this work. Left: 2D discretization in springs and masses ...
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Figure 2: Dimensionless friction force
![[Graphic 5]](/bjnano/content/inline/2190-4286-9-229-i10.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
as function of time for the non-graded material: SBM solution for dif...
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Figure 3: Examples of stepwise linearly increasing and triangular property gradients considered in this work ...
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Figure 4: Effect of a gradient in the local coefficients of friction on the global static coefficient of fric...
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Figure 5: Propagation of the detachment front at the static friction threshold (left) and immediately after (...
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Figure 6: Dimensionless friction force as function of time for two values of Δ, calculated using the SBM and ...
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Figure 7: Effect of a gradient in the local coefficients of friction on the global dynamic coefficient of fri...
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Figure 8: Effect of a gradient in the local coefficients of friction on the global static coefficient of fric...
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Figure 9: Effect of a gradient in the Young’s modulus on the global static coefficient of friction, expressed...
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Figure 10: Effect of a gradient in the Young’s modulus on the global dynamic coefficient of friction, expresse...
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Figure 11: Effect of a triangular gradient in the Young’s modulus on the global static coefficient of friction...
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Figure 12: Propagation of the detachment front at the static friction threshold (left) and immediately after (...
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Figure 1: (a) Kirkendall diffusion-induced growth of porous Co3O4. (b) X-ray diffraction pattern of Co3O4 fil...
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Figure 2: (a) Optical characteristics including the transmittance and absorbance spectra of Co3O4 films. (b) ...
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Figure 3: Thickness-dependent linear sweep voltammetry of a Co3O4 working electrode under pulsed light. (a) 0...
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Figure 4: Surface morphology of the 170 nm thick Co3O4 film on FTO/glass showing (a) the pores with diameters...
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Figure 5: (a) Transmittance electron micrograph featuring nanocrystalline features of a Co3O4 electrode prepa...
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Figure 6: (a) PEC cell setup by using dual Co3O4 electrodes to show O2 gas generation in OER side and H2 gas ...
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Figure 7: PEC cell setup with dual Co3O4 electrodes for volumetric measurements.
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Figure 8: (a) Current density as a function of the time. The Co3O4 electrode was biased at 1.75 V in 1 M KOH ...
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Figure 1: Structure diagrams of the electrical measurement cell and electrodes. Measurement cell consists of ...
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Figure 2: SEM images of as-synthesized ZnO nanostructure arrays: a) nanoneedles, b) nanorods [15], c) nanotubes [15].
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Figure 3: XRD pattern of ZnO nanorod and nanotube arrays. Inset: EDS spectrum of the as-synthesized samples.
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Figure 4: CV curves of aqueous Pb(NO3)2 solution on ZnO electrodes with different morphologies: (a) nanorods,...
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Figure 5: CV curves of aqueous Cd(NO3)2 solution on ZnO electrodes with different morphologies: (a) nanorods,...
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Figure 6: Sedimentation of (a) Pb(NO3)2 and (b) Cd(NO3)2 on the surface of ZnO nanotubes.
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Figure 7: (a) CV curve for the concentration of 1.5 mM Pb(NO3)2 on ZnO nanoplates (red) compared to the previ...
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Figure 8: DPV curves for different ZnO morphologies: (a) untreated Cr electrodes, (b) nanorods, (c) nanoneedl...
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Figure 1: Schematic of the experimental setup showing the three syringe pumps for the reagent solutions and c...
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Figure 2: Time-lapse microscopy images of droplet generation inside the Tygon tubing (A). Graph of droplet vo...
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Figure 3: TEM images of nanoparticles synthesized by conventional batch synthesis and in droplet capillary re...
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Figure 4: Histograms of magnetic nanoparticle size of particles synthesized in batch (A), and in droplets (B)...
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Figure 5: Analysis of particle sizes in droplet synthesis. Nanoparticle diameter as a function of the residen...
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Figure 1: Simulated surface of a rough brush (blue) in adhesive contact with an elastic half-space (green). A...
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Figure 2: The scheme of indenting and pull-off stages of an adhesive contact of exponentially distributed pil...
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Figure 3: An example of a pillar structure in compression and pull-off contact: (a) load–distance relation; (...
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Figure 4: (a) Relation between the compressive force and adhesive force; (b) relation for different values of ...
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Figure 5: (a) Dependence of the coefficient C on the characteristic length in region I (Figure 4); (b) the maximum va...
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Figure 6: (a) Dependence of adhesion coefficient on the normalized roughness in region I (Figure 4) for different exp...
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Figure 1: UV–visible absorption spectra of colloidal silica (A) and Ag-doped silica suspension before (B) and...
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Figure 2: TEM micrographs of silica colloidal nanoparticles after laser ablation of silver.
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Figure 3: SERS spectra of bpy in Ag-doped silica colloid by excitation with the 514 nm (B) and 1064 nm (C) la...
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Figure 4: Calculated normal modes in terms of Cartesian displacements, corresponding to the prominent bands o...
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Figure 1: SEM micrographs of the different synthesized Si/C composite materials with a carbon to silicon rati...
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Figure 2: FIB-SEM cross section of the C:Si 80:20 composite (a, b) and SEM micrographs of the pure Si-NPs (c,...
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Figure 3: TGA results (a), XRD patterns (b) and Raman spectra (c) of the Si/C composites with a carbon to sil...
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Figure 4: Constant current rate performance investigations at different charge/discharge currents (a) of the ...
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Figure 5: SEM micrographs of cycled electrodes after 13 cycles (including 3 formation cycles) of the C:Si 90:...
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Figure 6: Constant current cycling of prelithiated (a, b) and non-prelithiated (a, c) C:Si 90:10 negative ele...
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Figure 7: First cycle cell voltage (a, c) and anodic potential (b, d) profile using a full cell set-up with a...
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Figure 8: Development of the anode (negative electrode) and cathode (positive electrode) potential vs Li/Li+ ...
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Figure 1: (A) Schematic representation of the operational principle of the Fuji Dimatix DMP-2800 printing hea...
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Figure 2: (A) Pattern of gold nanoparticles on the reference sample after spin coating of a 10 × 10 mm silico...
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Figure 3: SEM images of size and droplet shape on the five different materials (A–E) and nanodot distribution...
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Figure 4: Distribution of the droplet diameter of the micellar gold nanoparticle solution on different materi...
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Figure 5: Surface topography imaged by atomic force microscopy for: (A) poly-silicon, (B) amorphous silicon o...
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Figure 6: Boxchart of nanoparticle separation distance in the center of microcircles for each substrate mater...
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Figure 1: Schematics of the experiment. A single (a) circular or (b) elliptical slit etched in a 200 nm gold ...
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Figure 2: Working principle of an elliptical slit antenna: control of the phase. At a planar surface, the pha...
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Figure 3: Working principle of an elliptical slit antenna: shape of the emitted beams. (a) The intersection o...
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Figure 4: Control of the emission direction: effect of the eccentricity. (a–c) Transmission optical images un...
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Figure 5: Angular emission pattern: effect of the excitation site. (a) Schematic of the experiment (inset: a ...
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Figure 6: Angular spread: effect of the eccentricity. (a) Half width at half maximum (HWHM) of the angular di...
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Figure 7: Lobe shapes. (a–h) Theoretical emission patterns from the elliptical slit antennas upon excitation ...
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Figure 8: Where does the light go? Theoretical calculation of the Poynting vector: ratio of the light flux em...
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Figure 9: Theoretical E-field maps in the slit. (a–f) Spatial distribution of the square modulus of the total...
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Figure 10: Schematic of the experimental setup. An STM head is mounted on top of an inverted optical microscop...
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Figure 1: Domain structure with
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-oriented 180-degree domain walls in a) pure BaTiO3, b) BaTiO3–SrTiO3 superla...
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Figure 2: Schematic illustration of polarization passing across the 180-degree domain wall in pure rhombohedr...
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Figure 3: Relaxed profile of the polarization components across 180-degree ferroelectric wall in rhombohedral...
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Figure 4: Relaxed profile of the polarization components across 180-degree ferroelectric wall in rhombohedral...
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Figure 5: Relaxed profile of the polarization components across 180-degree ferroelectric walls in rhombohedra...
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Figure 6: Variation of the Pt component (a) with increasing distance between domain walls and (b) with the th...
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Figure 7: Landau part of the domain wall energy density as a function of the position of the ferroelectric do...
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Figure 8: Calculated hysteresis loop demonstrating switching of the Pt component of the Bloch wall located at...
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Figure 1: (a, c, d) SEM images (at different magnifications) of a Ni–Cu alloy nanowire grown electrochemicall...
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Figure 2: Magnetoresistance measurements obtained on the four single Ni–Cu alloy nanowires analyzed (correspo...
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Figure 3: The perpendicular magnetoresistance as a function of the induction of the magnetic field (left colu...
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Figure 4: Hysteresis loops showing the average magnetic moment of Ni atoms as a function of the applied magne...
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Figure 5: Magnetization reversal in almost perpendicular geometry at two different values of saturation magne...
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Figure 6: Magnetization reversal in almost perpendicular geometry in Ni–Cu alloy nanowires with diameters of ...
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Figure 7: Saturation field strength as a function of the spontaneous magnetization obtained by micromagnetic ...
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Figure 8: (a) Ni–Cu alloy nanowires placed on SiO2/Si substrates between the interdigitated metallic electrod...
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Figure 1: a) Phase diagram of diblock copolymer predicted by SCMF theory. Reprinted with permission from [41], co...
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Figure 2: Schematic representation of the solvent evaporation in a thin film made by block copolymer. At the ...
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Figure 3: SEM micrographs of PS-b-PEO films after heating at 90 °C and washing with water. a) PS-b-PEO (18.5-b...
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Figure 4: a) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of a composite nanoporous membrane: detail of the Si micros...
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Figure 5: Schematic representation of different micellar architectures. Hydrophilic polar heads are indicated...
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Figure 6: Top-view (left) and tilted 60° (right) SEM micrographs of PS962-b-PEO3409 (a, b), PS563-b-PEO1614 (...
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Figure 7: Schematic cross section of a screen filter (A) and a depth filter (B). Reprinted with permission fr...
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Figure 1: Vertical cross-section of a sliced three-layer structure with texture applied to the bottom layer (...
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Figure 2: Principle of the coupled modeling approach (CMA). RCWA is applied to the parts of the structure whe...
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Figure 3: Schematic representation of the simulated HJ Si solar cell structure including illustration of the ...
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Figure 4: The top and cross-sectional views of the simulated partial structures, applied to the front part of...
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Figure 5: Analysis of the RCWA convergence for the nanoscale textures. All graphs on the left hand side corre...
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Figure 6: Analysis of RCWA convergence for micrometer-sized textures. Left hand side graphs correspond to the...
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Figure 7: The effect of increasing the pyramid fraction (PF) in the texture in the front part of the solar ce...
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Figure 8: Simulated absorptances in the c-Si layer of the HJ Si solar cell using RCWA, RT/TMM (CROWM simulato...
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Figure 1: (a) Schematic of the investigated sample: plain AlGaAs nanopillar serving as a reference structure ...
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Figure 2: a) Electric field vector map at 1550 nm for the proposed structure. b) Electric and c) magnetic fie...
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Figure 3: a) Electric field enhancement at 1550 nm in the xy-plane for the isolated type 1 (r = 410 nm) nanoc...
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Figure 4: (a) SH nonlinear maps collected from the hybrid antennas and from the reference structures. From le...
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Figure 5: Polar plots of SHG emission from (a) the reference elements and (b) the hybrid antennas as a functi...
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Figure 6: Emission spectrum of a type-2 pillar and its relative hybrid structure. The hybrid structure featur...
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Figure 7: Sketch of the nonlinear setup employed for our measurements. The setup allows for the acquisition o...
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Figure 1: XRD patterns of Ag2CO3/Bi2MoO6 heterojunctions, bare Bi2MoO6 and Ag2CO3.
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Figure 2: SEM images of (a, b) bare Bi2MoO6 and (c, d) ACO/BMO-30.
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Figure 3: (a–c) TEM images of ACO/BMO-30; (d) EDS pattern of ACO/BMO-30.
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Figure 4: UV–vis diffuse reflection spectra of bare Bi2MoO6, Ag2CO3 and Ag2CO3/Bi2MoO6 heterostructures.
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Figure 5: PL spectra of bare Bi2MoO6 and ACO/BMO-30.
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Figure 6: (a) Photocatalytic degradation of RhB over different samples under visible light. (b) Rate constant...
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Figure 7: Photocatalytic degradation of (a) MO and (b) TC over different samples under visible light.
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Figure 8: (a) The cycling performance of ACO/BMO-30. (b) The XRD patterns of ACO/BMO-30 before and after five...
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Figure 9: Radical-scavenger tests over ACO/BMO-30.
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Figure 10: Proposed photocatalytic degradation mechanism of Ag2CO3/Bi2MoO6.
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Figure 1: Samples under study. (a) Schematic cross section of the PhC sample. Red line shows the spatial dist...
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Figure 2: PL spectra of the PhC samples detected with an optical fiber in the direction normal to the sample ...
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Figure 3: Angle-resolved PL spectra of the PhCs with hPhC2 on the SiNC-rich layer measured along the relevant...
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Figure 4: Micro-PL results for the PhCs fabricated on a SiNC-rich SiO2 layer collected with the objective hav...
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Figure 5: (a) The peak enhancement factor defined as a ratio of the leaky mode extracted PL intensity at the ...
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Figure 1: a) Collection of Paracentrotus lividus footprints on mica. b) Detailed view of a sea urchin tube fo...
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Figure 2: Peak force tapping AFM (PFT-AFM) image (a) and height profile (b) of Paracentrotus lividus moist fo...
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Figure 3: Peak force tapping AFM (PFT-AFM) images of moist adhesive material deposited by the tube feet of Pa...
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Figure 4: Peak force tapping AFM (PFT-AFM) 3D height images and profiles of small-sized areas of the moist ad...
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Figure 5: Peak force tapping AFM (PFT-AFM) with quantitative nanomechanical (QNM) software for analysis of he...
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Figure 6: Force–distance retracting curves of the adhesive material deposited by the tube feet of Paracentrot...
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Figure 7: a) Histological staining of the adhesive material deposited by the tube feet of Paracentrotus livid...
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Figure 1: Melting temperature of gold nanoparticles according to Castro et al. [11] and Cluskey et al. [13]. One real...
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Figure 2: Visualization of the setting for the estimation the number of next neighbors (coordination number) ...
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Figure 3: Relative coordination number q of an atom at the surface of a spherical particle as function of the...
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Figure 4: Graph of Equation 6. Also in this case, a lower limit for the particle diameter exists (α = β = 1).
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Figure 5: Surface energy for gold nanoparticles as function of the particle diameter according to Gang et al. ...
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Figure 6: Landau’s order parameter M for tin particles of different particle diameters as function of the rad...
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Figure 7: Difference of the surface energy between the solid and the liquid state at the melting temperature ...
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Figure 8: Radial profiles of the density for a fcc metal cluster consisting of 3302 atoms versus the particle...
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Figure 9: Thickness of the liquid and the quasi-liquid transition layer close to the surface of a 18 nm gold ...
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Figure 10: Translational order parameter for gold particles of different particle diameter as function of the ...
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Figure 11: Melting temperature of lead according to Coombes [16]. This figure shows two ranges of melting temperat...
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Figure 12: Surface energy of gold as function of the particle size according to Ali et al. [51]. The graphs show t...
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Figure 13: Results of molecular dynamic calculations of the surface energy of gold [54]. (a) All the results, wher...
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Figure 14: High-resolution electron micrograph of a zirconia, ZrO2, and an alumina, Al2O3 nanoparticles. (a) A...
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Figure 15: Surface energy of the three modifications of titania at a temperature of 300 K as function of the p...
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Figure 16: Surface energy of silver particles as function of the particle diameter [49]. This graph shows the orig...
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Figure 17: Surface energy of aluminum particles as function of the particle diameter [58]. This graph shows both t...
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Figure 18: Binding energy of the atoms in the outmost layer of an Au55 cluster [14]. Additionally, for each coordi...
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Figure 1: Energy offsets with SiO2- and Si3N4-embedding for one Si10-NC (0.8 nm size) embedded in SiO2 and th...
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Figure 2: Evolution of energy offsets for SiO2- and Si3N4-embedded Si10-NCs (0.8 nm size) as a function of em...
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Figure 3: Structures of samples investigated by synchrotron UPS: (a) Si-reference, (b) 1.7 nm Si-NWell in Si3N...
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Figure 4: Cross-section HR-TEM images of samples QW-17-N (a), QW-17-O (b) and QW-26-N (c). Semi-transparent s...
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Figure 5: Experimental evidence of HOMO ΔE by synchrotron UPS: (a) scans of NWell samples and a hydrogen-term...
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Figure 6: Electronic properties obtained by h-DFT for Si233(NH2)87(OH)81 NWire of 1.4 nm diameter and 5.2 nm ...
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Figure 7: Concept of an undoped FET consisting of a Si-NWire with drain/gate (channel)/source regions covered...
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Figure 8: NEGF simulation results of undoped Si-NWire-FET illustrated in Figure 7: (a) gate-wrap-around Si-NWire FET ...
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