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Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22
Figure 1: Comparative analysis of the main features of nanomaterial synthesis techniques, that is, chemical, ...
Figure 2: PLAL NP applications, arrows point outwards to the four defined areas, catalysis, advanced material...
Figure 3: Schematic illustration of spatial beam shaping strategies in PLAL. Different beam profiles can be g...
Figure 4: (a) Experimental setup for the record of filamentation produced in a liquid. (b) Laser focusing in ...
Figure 5: Top: Ablated spot diameter on a silicon wafer comparison between air and with 10 mm water layer. Bo...
Figure 6: (a, b) Nanoparticle concentrations, (c, d) hydrodynamic diameters, and (e, f) ξ-potential of one an...
Figure 7: TEM images of Ag nanoribbons produced by cylindrical lens ablation at a pulse energy of 1.2 mJ. Ag ...
Figure 8: (a, b) Transverse distributions of Bessel-like beams observed at various distances (Z) from the axi...
Figure 9: Left: TEM image of a Ag colloid prepared by laser ablation in acetone by femtosecond Bessel beams a...
Figure 10: (a) A scheme of the experimental setup for nanostructuring with the nanosecond vortex beams. (b) Vo...
Figure 11: Simulated intensity distributions. (a) Gaussian beam; (b) DS beam with the same pulse energy; (c) c...
Figure 12: Time-resolved images of CBs in water produced by DS laser pulses at early evolution stages. (a) Las...
Figure 13: Comparison of gold NPs produced by PLAL with picosecond radially-polarised DS and linearly polarise...
Figure 14: (a) Experimental setup. Diffuser 1: holographic. Diffuser 2: glass diffuser or Scotch tape. Pulse e...
Figure 15: Ag NPs colloidal solutions UV–vis spectra. Without irradiation (black), after 10 min (red), and 60 ...
Figure 16: Comparison of pump–probe laser ablation experiments of gold immersed in air and water irradiated wi...
Figure 17: (a) Schematic depiction of the pump–probe experimental setup. (b) Microscopy images of the time-res...
Figure 18: (a) Normalised NP weight distribution as a function of the particle diameter for double-pulse delay...
Figure 19: (a) Shadowgraph images of CBs produced by ps dual-beam PLAL of YAG in water at the energy in each p...
Figure 20: Dependence of mass loss on the pulse duration for different pulse energy and 85 nm film thickness. Figure 20...
Figure 21: Pulse width dependence with pulse energy for (a) ablated mass and (b) crater depth in water. (c) Cr...
Figure 22: (a) Threshold fluence dependence on the pulse duration; insets: optical images of single-pulse crat...
Figure 23: Images of Au colloids as function of the pulse energy (I – 100 µJ, II – 120 µJ, III – 140 µJ, IV – ...
Figure 24: (a) Schematic illustration of the MB-PLAL process. (b) Productivity of FeNi NPs in water with a dif...
Figure 25: Productivity of CrFeCoNiMn high entropy alloy NPs by ps PLAL in water with and without DOEs as a fu...