PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL-6, and IFN-γ; this immune-stimulation supported robust IgG- and IFN-γ-producing T cell responses after repeated dosing [75]. A similar effect was observed in another study, where mice with pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies exhibited a modest increase in OVA-specific IgG

• the same mouse model, strong protein expressions were observed after injection of 10 µg mRNA per dose. Additionally, in vitro studies using human whole blood also revealed that pSar-LNPs triggered lower levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, compared to PEG-LNPs [81]. Recent

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• tumor cells. This highly specialized network includes cells such as T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells, as well as soluble mediators like cytokines and chemokines, which regulate inflammatory and adaptive responses [5][6]. However, cancer often employs strategies

• potential effects include tumor cell death, inhibition of proliferation, increased autophagy, and enhanced immune system response [51]. Furthermore, natural products can also promote the regulation of immune cells and cytokines, increasing immunogenic cancer cell death, natural killer cell activity, and

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• test was performed with a collagen-induced arthritis model. The methotrexate nanogel showed significant improvement in the hind paw edema, reduced arthritic score, reduction in joint damage (histological and radiological), and attenuation of serum cytokines levels, such as TNF-alpha and IL-6. The

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• against microbes and as scaffold for immune cells. Also, it stores growth factors and cytokines to promote healing [35]. Platelets bring the immune cells to the injury site either through direct capturing or by the release of the secretome. The secretome activates keratinocytes and fibroblasts of the

• , and cytokines regulate the leucocytes at the injury site. Neutrophils (leucocytes) remove pathogens and necrotic tissues by phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides, and the release of active oxygen species, proteolytic enzymes, as well as eicosanoids [39]. Excessive and uncontrolled inflammation causes

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• assessed using the in vitro model system (MucilAir™) at a concentration of ≤10 mM. The study concluded that the release of IL-8 cytokines (≥0.063 mM) increased mucin secretion and decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) (≥1.25 mM), and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (≥2.5 mM) [9

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• strong pro-inflammatory response. These cells release cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, essential for pathogen clearance and initiating immune defense mechanisms [19]. However, if an inflammation remains active for extended periods, it can contribute to

• – pro-resolving functions: In contrast, M2 macrophages are activated by anti-inflammatory stimuli, such as IL-4 and IL-13, and are primarily involved in resolving inflammation and promoting tissue repair. They secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) [20

• ADP/ATP translocase in the mitochondria, ultimately leading to KCs apoptosis. When encapsulated in liposome in combination with nintedanib, a triple tyrosine kinase inhibitor, there is also a reduction in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, which enhances the antifibrotic effects. This has been

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• nanoparticle-encapsulated curcumin (NanoCurc™) could ameliorate CCl4-induced hepatic injury and fibrosis through reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines [54]. The polymer platform of NanoCurc™ consists of N-isopropylacrylamide, vinylpyrrolidone, and acrylic acid and was selected because of its capability to

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• . Furthermore, the authors were able to fine-tune the topology of the CNT coating, reducing inflammatory events by down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophages. The coated polymeric nanofibers showed the ability to up-regulate the formation of new blood vessels and osteogenic pathways, proving the

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• findings show that the co-culture of HUVECs with macrophages decreases the expression of eNOS [62], making them more likely to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8 and to express cell adhesion molecules, that is, making them more activated and pro-atherogenic [63]. Overall, the results

• ± SD (n = 3). Effect of nanovesicle uptake on cytokines released in the mild inflammation model: (A) apical (HUVEC) and (B) basolateral (THP-1 macrophages). Values of IL-6 and TNF-α are shown on the left Y axis, and values of IL-8 are shown on the right Y axis. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3

• ). Asterisks indicate significant differences against LPS. ROSs in (A) THP-1 macrophages and (B) FCs. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). Effect of nanovesicle uptake on cytokines released in the pronounced inflammation model: (A) apical (HUVECs) and (B) basolateral (FCs). Values of IL-6 and TNF-α are

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• strategy for treating inflammatory diseases. Recently, Kim et al. introduced ultrasmall antioxidant cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) with strong SOD and CAT activities, which were used to decrease ROS levels and suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-1β) in macrophages. CeONPs

• intracellular ROS scavenging and anti-inflammatory capability for curing acute lung injury [95]. Fe-Cur NPs acted as an anti-inflammatory agent by downregulating the level of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), suppressing NF-κB signaling pathways, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasomes, and reducing

• capability and were used to decrease the level of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, at the inflammatory sites. As another example, an alendronate-coated nanoceria (CeAL) nanozyme was reported by Zhou et al. for both ROS and RNS scavenging [107]. Other RNS scavenging nanomaterials such as

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• hypertrophy and parasite load, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and the levels and activities of cardiopathogenic biomarker enzymes and cytokines/chemokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and CCL5), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), and inducible enzymes (cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase) implicated

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• cytotoxicity observed in in vivo studies. Hence, chitosan-based nanoparticles are a good strategy for drug delivery intended to treat leishmaniasis. This polymer can stimulate macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, as they bind to receptors present in the cells of the immune system [106]. In this

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• leukocyte diapedesis and produce inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (Figure 1). The factors secreted by the endothelium also include angiokines, which affect the parenchymal cells, thus conditioning the functioning of entire organs. Endothelial cells play

• common causes of cell damage including endothelium damage [6][14]. An increased ROS concentration closely correlates with the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whose participation has been confirmed to increase endothelial permeability. Histamine and bradykinin are among the pro-inflammatory

• cytokines known to increase endothelial permeability. Moreover, modulators that stimulate endothelial permeability include thrombin, angiopoietins (Ang1, Ang2), bacterial endotoxin (LPS), and VEGF (vascular permeability factor). The main mechanism of action of the above modulators is based primarily on the

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• -target effects that may generate systemic cytokines, activate complements, and intensify the frequency of the side effects. A multifunctional envelope-type nanodevice (MEND

Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition

• Petr Šálek,
• Jana Dvořáková,
• Sviatoslav Hladysh,
• Diana Oleshchuk,
• Ewa Pavlova,
• Jan Kučka and
• Vladimír Proks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 538–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.45

• mediators [19]. Interestingly, it was revealed that subjects with AAT deficiency suffer from increased activation of neutrophils, levels of cytokines, and inflammation, and that AAT administration can slow down a decrease in insulin production during diabetes [20][21]. A few poly (ᴅ,ʟ-lactide-co-glycolide

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• enzymes by chondrocytes [63][64]. Anti-inflammatory drugs can be used as a primary strategy to suppress inflammatory cytokines to ameliorate OA, particularly inflammatory arthritis. For instance, celecoxib-loaded hyaluronan nanocapsules showed excellent potential in the management of osteoarthritis by

• prolonging the drug residence time. The intra-articular administration of these nanocapsules in a rat model of OA remarkably decreased knee swelling and improved cartilage repair [65]. In another study, to suppress the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflamed cartilage, researchers designed poly

• (NIPAm-AMPS) NPs for the delivery of cell penetrating anti-inflammatory peptides, which selectively target defective sites [66]. In this study, the results showed that an anti-inflammatory peptide-loaded NP could selectively and effectively reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines within the

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• cytokines of carrageenan was carried out using human intestinal cells (HCT-8 and HT-29) [108]. Also, carrageenan, due to the SO3− groups, showed interaction with positively charged quaternary ammonium surfactants [109]. However, this sulfated oligosaccharide is yet to realize its full potential in the field

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• macrophages to produce activated ISGs and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins (IL-6, IL-8) [76][115][116][117]. Several studies have shown that AgNPs can act against various types of viruses, viz. human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) [111][118], monkeypox virus (MPV) [112], herpes simplex

• and uptake by the cells, as shown in Figure 7 [102], and they showed a potent ability to activate macrophages to produce ISGs and pro-inflammatory cytokines [115]. Toxicity of AgNPs For a long time, silver was considered a safe antibacterial agent. The only reported side effect was argyria, which is a

• detected. In addition, no significant changes were observed regarding reactive pulmonary oxygen species or in the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines [130]. The Australian health agency reports on the oral toxicity of AgNPs say that: “Studies report low toxicity in rats, mice and guinea pigs after

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• anti-inflammatory cytokines. Despite the increased usage of and the likely increased exposure to AgNPs, there is a lack of quantitative analysis of bio-uptake and potential cytotoxicity in PBMCs after exposure to well-characterized AgNPs. A number of studies have investigated the bioavailability and

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• function of cytokines in the immune response of insects using the Bombyx mori silkworm as a model. It was shown that the activation of a paralytic peptide resulted in cellular and humoral immune responses, which contribute to the host defense in the silkworm Bombyx mori [96]. It was also reported that β

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• recognizing intracellular toll-like receptors [45][58][59], or the expression of cytokines and chemokines, which activate infiltrated neutrophils in the tumor producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) [60]. The virus could also modulate and recruit CD8 + T cells, and natural killer cells to generate a cytotoxic