Hartree–Fock interaction in superconducting condensate fractals

• Edward G. Nikonov,
• Yajiang Chen,
• Mauro M. Doria and
• Arkady A. Shanenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2177–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.150

• the observables are not affected due to translational invariance. Hence, the HF field is a kind of “spectator” that defines the single-particle states and chemical potential but does not act on the pair formation and, thus, can be neglected, as in the standard formulation of the BCS model [2][3

• hopping parameters tA or tB, respectively, between adjacent lattice sites. This results in a one-dimensional chain with a total of N = Fn + 1 sites, following the well-established off-diagonal formulation of the Fibonacci model [15][19][24][25]. All energy-related quantities, that is, Δ(i), UHF(i), μ, T

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• poor physicochemical and organoleptic properties. This study aimed to develop and optimize a topical microemulsion (ME) system incorporating P. setacea seed oil using quality by design principles to address formulation challenges. The oil was extracted via Soxhlet and characterized by gas

• chromatography–mass spectrometry and thermal analysis. A full factorial design, followed by a Box–Behnken design, was employed to optimize the formulation based on critical quality attributes and the defined quality target product profile. The optimized ME presented a hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 22 nm

• and polydispersity index below 0.2 and remained stable for 60 days. The ME was gelled with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, while vitamin E and Liquid Germall® Plus were incorporated as antioxidant and preservative agents, respectively, yielding the final topical gel formulation. Cytocompatibility

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• provide insight into drug release kinetics based on NM properties and formulation. Animal toxicity studies help determine in vivo safety profiles across organ systems, while biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies elucidate how CNMs are metabolised, cleared, and accumulate in the body, guiding safe

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• optimal core formulation (1% w/w HA, 2% w/w NE) and process parameters (17 kV applied voltage, 6.25 flow rate ratio (0.04 mL/h inner; 0.25 mL/h outer), 12 cm needle-to-collector distance). These conditions provided highly uniform fibers with an average diameter of 439 ± 100 nm, notably 37% larger than

• biomaterials, recent decades have seen intensive research into novel therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine [1][2][3][4]. Within this scenario, a pivotal current strategy in formulation development focuses on integrating nanocarriers with nanoscale three-dimensional biomaterials, enabling major

• nature can present formulation challenges, particularly when seeking integration into solid scaffolds like nanofibers. The strategic combination of polymers and lipids in hybrid systems has emerged as a promising approach to overcome these limitations. Incorporating polymer–lipid interfaces within core

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• nanoparticle formulation is polyethylene glycol-modified (i.e., PEGylated) lipids (PEG lipids), which can significantly influence the stability, cell interactions, and overall effectiveness of LNP delivery vehicles. This review collates insights into the role of PEG lipids in LNPs by illustrating how the PEG

• providing steric stabilization and controlling interactions during blood circulation [9]. A study using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) with selective deuteration has provided compelling insights into the lipid localizations. In a LNP formulation composed of MC3, DSPC, cholesterol, and DMPE-PEG2k at a

• LNPs during formulation and minimizes nonspecific bindings during blood circulation. In the utilization of PEG lipids to create PEGylated LNPs, it is important to consider not only where these PEG lipids reside but also how the conformations of PEG chain can influence nanoparticle behavior. Once

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• -in-water (O/W), water-in-oil (W/O), or multiple emulsions (W/O/W or O/W/O) (Figure 2), depending on the preparation techniques and the choice and interaction of formulation components [34][88][89]. Nanoemulsions exhibit several advantages, making them promising systems for pharmaceutical and

• through a low-energy method, using polysorbate 20 as a surfactant. The formulation presented an average droplet size ranging from 244.6 to 280.4 nm, a polydispersity index of less than 0.25, and a negative zeta potential (−15.7 to −18.6 mV), maintaining stability for 14 days. In the bioassays, fourth

• Pyriproxyfen) were used as controls. It should be noted that the study did not perform comparisons with the free essential oil nor did it evaluate the formulation in non-target species [111][112]. Machado et al. (2023) developed an oil-in-water nanoemulsion containing 5% of surfactants and 5% of the essential

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• analyze the circuit dynamics, we adopt a nodal analysis approach. In this approach, the gauge-invariant phase difference across any element is expressed in terms of the nodal phases at its terminals, φ = φk − φj. The phase of the ground node is set to zero by convention. This formulation inherently

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• their formulation, biocompatibility, long-term stability, and clinical efficacy still require significant investigation [12][13]. Barnacles are sessile marine organisms which employ a different strategy for underwater adhesion: they secrete a multicomponent proteinaceous cement that facilitates robust

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• phase inversion composition (PIC) method, and then characterized and evaluated. The PHYT-NE had a mean droplet diameter close to 200 nm, a polydispersity index of less than 0.2, spherical shape, and a pH value compatible with cutaneous application. The formulation showed high colloidal stability for at

• formulation parameters – such as drug miscibility with the oil phase, droplet size, and size uniformity – have been directly correlated with permeation efficiency across the skin barrier [32][33]. Specifically, the encapsulation of lipophilic compounds like phytol in finely dispersed droplets within oil-in

• by nanoemulsions with a mean diameter between 84.3 and 241.6 nm [37]. In this context, PHYT-NE exhibits suitable droplet size, low PdI, spherical shape, and a pH value within the physiological range of human skin, which suggests that it is a promising formulation for transdermal administration route

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• bioavailability, and enable site-specific targeting and combination therapies [24]. PNs are stable colloidal nanostructures formed from synthetic or natural polymers, characterized by synthetic versatility, which allows for customization based on the requirements of the final formulation. Biopolymers can undergo

• reference in formulation development, the design of PNs expands the delivery possibilities for drugs in all four BCS classes by overcoming limitations related to poor solubility or permeability [34]. Among the various techniques used for preparing NPs, the polymerization of monomers or dispersion of

• commonly used methods for the preparation of PNs employing preformed polymers. These methods typically begin with the formulation of an emulsifying system, a step common to all techniques, followed by the formation of NPs through a process that varies depending on the method, such as solvent precipitation

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• dominated the market for many years until the arrival of Abraxane, an albumin-based formulation of paclitaxel. Abraxane is the gold standard for cancer treatment, and the formulations developed by researchers can be directly compared head-to-head with Abraxane. Related reports include chimeric polypeptide

• the cell-penetrating peptide iRGD and the aptamer EpCAM, and thus demonstrated optimal antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo experiments. Three of the articles cited in this review utilized nanotechnology to form ApDCs. Among them, the parameters to be improved include optimizing the formulation

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• 60 days, the formulation remained physically quite stable without phase separation. Both nanoformulations contained 2.6% (w/v) linseed oil, providing a bioactive concentration compatible with ocular administration volumes (~50 µL). At a final concentration of 1.30 mg·mL−1, OphtNE-3.66%(K1%) showed

• investigated as potential drug delivery technologies [14][15]. However, our formulation is not a drug delivery system (DDS) since it lacks pharmacological agents. Instead, it is a functional nanoemulsion designed to mimic the tear film’s properties and provide antioxidant and osmoprotective benefits, aiming to

• components. When NE is instilled, the oil nanodroplets merge with the lipid layer, the water in the formulation interacts with the aqueous layer of the tear film, and the surfactant interacts with the mucin layer [21][22][23]. The literature cites various lipids as components of the oily phase in

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• adverse effects [53][54]. Therefore, the use of natural products for cancer treatment and immunotherapy formulation presents a promising option for the pharmaceutical industry. One of the main technologies implemented in pharmaceutical development for incorporating natural products in cancer and

• formulation evaluation tests, such as data on the species, strains, and doses used. This reduces the reliability of the results, as it limits access to the reliability, reproducibility, and predictive value of the findings. Especially in the field of oncology, it is essential to have information about the

• characterization, and therapeutic evaluation of nanotechnology [92]. The formulation of patent CN114470229 was discussed in an article by Guo et al., which showed that the nanoparticle, as in the patent, achieved better solubility, synergistic effect, and better targeting [93]. In addition, the article published

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• the nanosystems at 0.5% demonstrated to be equipotent to AH 0.5%. The NP formulation produced antibodies that were detected until the 1:3,200 dilution, whereas the AH formulation produced antibodies that were detected until the 1:1,600 dilution. The Figure 5 shows the antibody production results from

• on the particle size; thus, small particles have a larger surface area for dissolution, providing faster release kinetics [39]. Uniformity of particle size is also important for the stability of the formulation, as well as for the choice of administration route. The intravenous and intramuscular

• routes are very common for the administration of proteins with pharmacological activity and with particle sizes of around 200 nm [40]. Regarding stability, only minimal changes in physicochemical parameters were observed, indicating colloidal stability of the nanoparticle formulation. This is

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• interface or within imperfections of the solid core [74]. Despite their advantages, SLNs face certain challenges, such as limited drug loading capacity due to the crystalline structure of the solid lipid matrix, risks of drug leakage during storage, and a relatively high water content in the formulation [73

• encapsulate a wide variety of therapeutic agents, from hydrophilic to hydrophobic compounds. Due to their biocompatibility and easy formulation, polymeric NPs can be engineered to offer precise control over drug release, stability, and targeting, making them ideal candidates in the treatment of infections [77

• cellulose-based dressings. The resulting formulation displayed improved antimicrobial activity and enhanced wound healing properties [105]. Additionally, in vitro assays revealed that encapsulating silver sulfadiazine in SLNs protected fibroblasts and keratinocytes from metal-induced toxicity. Finally, the

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• method for clinical liposome formulations is the thin film hydration/Bangham technique [113]. DepoFoam liposome technology utilizes a proprietary liposome formulation that can be administered by injection and provides sustained release of the encapsulated drug over an extended period. DepoFoam liposomes

• be internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which improves the accumulation of the drug at the desired site [130][131]. By integrating multiple components, such as targeting ligands, imaging agents, and therapeutic drugs, into a single liposomal formulation, theranostic liposomes can be created

• oxidation or hydrolysis processes. After the hydrolysis of free fatty acids, compounds are formed that are toxic to the human body and lower the pH value of the environment. Antioxidants such as flavonoids and vitamins C and E can be included in the formulation of liposomes to stop oxidation [138]. While

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• requires the determination of key formulation parameters, including the required hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLBr), droplet size, and polydispersity index (PDI) [42][43][44]. In this study, the Acrocomia aculeata oil nanoemulsion (AANE) exhibited a uniform droplet size distribution and a stable PDI

• upon formulation with the surfactant system characterized by a hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value of 12. These physicochemical parameters are critical for defining the kinetic stability and structural integrity of the nanoemulsion system. Surfactants or emulsifiers are characterized by their

• for oil-in-water versus water-in-oil systems [43] (Figure 1). A surfactant system characterized by an HLB value of 12 (Figure 1) was employed to formulate the bocaiúva oil nanoemulsion, resulting in a satisfactory polydispersity index of 0.200. The formulation exhibited excellent physical stability

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• pathophysiological processes through the incorporation of drugs for enhancing skin permeation brings out promising prospects for innovation which may arise in the drug delivery field. Keywords: cross-linking; drug delivery; formulation; nanogel; polymer; Introduction The systematic study of gels began in the mid

• drug solubility in the SC [170], and/or (iii) enhancing the drug diffusion through the SC [169][178]. The first approach can be carried out by simply increasing the drug concentration in the vehicle or by changing the formulation to eventually decrease the drug solubility (i.e., by changing the

• ± 1.9%. In dermal toxicity studies, the nanogel-MTX formulation showed no signs of irritation or toxicity, while in the biodistribution study, the nanogel-MTX displayed sustained systemic release up to 48 hours with low accumulation in organs such as liver, kidney, and intestine. A therapeutic efficacy

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• into the chitosan-based nanocomposite and suggest molecular interactions that may contribute to the enhanced stability and bioactivity of the formulation. To complement the physicochemical characterization and confirm the efficiency of rotenoid encapsulation within the nanoparticles, a calibration

• than that observed for the in natura rotenoids, indicating a lower potency compared to the CS/TPP–β-CD–rot formulation. Control nanoparticles (CS/TPP and CS/TPP–β-CD) exhibited no larval mortality, confirming that the observed larvicidal activity is directly associated with the rotenoids. Previous

• delivery system is biocompatible with HSF cells. Therefore, both free rotenoids and the CS/TPP-BCD rot formulation are safe for use at the tested concentration. Previous studies reported that synthetic insecticides, such as type II pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cyphenothrin, λ-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• nanopores, J1 denotes the first-order Bessel function, and C accounts for electron density contrast and other constant parameters. The radial component of the scattering vector (), denoted as qr, is given by . For the vertical cut analysis, we set qx = 0, which reduces qr to qy. This formulation captures

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• ), exhibit slight variations depending on the system formulation. Thus, the FS0 and FST infrared spectra in the fingerprint region revealed ascorbic acid-related bands at approximately 1725/1734 and 1673/1683 cm−1 (FS0/FST) attributed to the C=O stretching and five-membered lactone ring modes, coupled with

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• microhardness without compromising biocompatibility [7]. In another work, the formulation of an injectable calcium phosphate cement–chitosan–graphene oxide (GO) composite was found to be effective. This composite fostered the proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells [8]. Despite these promising findings

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), in vitro drug release in 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.2) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), and pharmacokinetic studies. The optimal formulation (APT-CD-NP4) containing the highest

• release (98.89% ± 4.11%) in PBS (pH 7.4) and followed the Higuchi release model (with exponent n = 0.542), indicating non-Fickian diffusion (anomalous transport). The maximum concentration of drug in plasma and the bioavailability of optimal formulation APT-CD-NP4 were higher than those of pure APT

• . Therefore, the optimal SLN formulation APT-CD-NP4 is a promising tool for oral administration with sustained release to improve the bioavailability of the BCS class-IV drug APT. Keywords: aprepitant; β-cyclodextrin; pharmacokinetic study; poloxamer; solid lipid nanoparticles; Introduction Cancer is a

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• bactericidal, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic effects. Therefore, this study aims to obtain a microemulsified formulation containing the essential oil of Cymbopogon flexuosus (EOCF) and to evaluate its antioxidant and antidiabetic activity in diabetic rats. The microemulsion (ME) was

• radius of 15.24 ± 1.27 nm, which is in line with the definition of MEs, having a hydrodynamic radius between 10 and 100 nm [18]. Furthermore, it was observed that the M7-EOCF formulation had a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.334 ± 0.054, indicating homogeneity (PDI < 0.5) in the droplet size distribution

• of this system. The literature reports that a PDI below 0.5 also indicates greater physical stability of the obtained formulation [20][21]. The M7-EOCF sample was also examined using polarized light microscopy to investigate its optical properties. Isotropic behavior was observed (Supporting