Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• properties on particle size and shape has been demonstrated for particle sizes in the 1–100 nm range and on biological interfaces [7]. Limited biocompatibility and high tendency to aggregate in solution inspired new mechanisms of particle biofunctionalization with proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates. Coupling

• inorganic surfaces, usually modified with organic layers, and probed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). For VSFG and AFM, we systematically varied the relative air humidity (RH). DLS and ZP yield particle size

• of dimannoside and PEGylated ligands. The PEG AuNPs were functionalized only with the PEGylated component; they can be seen as a precursor, and we used them as negative controls. Particle size and shape Particle size and stability in an aqueous solution were characterized by DLS and ZP measurements

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• equipment, especially characterization tools used for nanosystems, are unavoidable challenges. Another critical challenge is the precision required to produce nanomaterials. The unique properties of nanomaterials arise from controlled particle size, but achieving the desired size and uniformity is extremely

• aggregate, agglomerate, and self-assemble according to their morphology. These issues cannot be fully eliminated without external stabilization and suggestively impact their performance in real-world applications. Furthermore, such an instability becomes more pronounced as the particle size decreases. For

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• evaluated over a 60 day period (Figure 7A). Throughout this time, no significant changes were detected in particle size, with the hydrodynamic diameter consistently remaining below 100 nm, and the PdI remaining below 0.20, confirming the physical stability of the base microemulsion and its preservation of

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• , indicating robust crystallization. Moreover, the presence of prominent peaks aligning with (220), (311), (420), and (511) planes confirmed alignment with XRD results. Furthermore, utilizing particle size distribution analysis, the crystallite size of average particles was estimated, as illustrated in the

• inset in Figure 2c. The particle size distribution graphs in this image unequivocally affirmed the successful attainment of the desired homogeneity. Biological applications Antibacterial activity of AgSbS2 NCs Disc diffusion. The antimicrobial activity of AgSbS2 NCs at a concentration of 10 mg/mL

• infections dominated by this pathogen. However, their relatively weaker activity against E. coli and B. subtilis suggests that optimization may be necessary to broaden their spectrum through surface modification, particle size reduction, or combination with other antibacterial agents. Cytotoxicity of AgSbS2

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• safety. Insights from these studies guide further optimisation of the delivery system, which may involve adjusting particle size, surface chemistry, or drug-loading strategies. Once optimised and evaluated, the system enters regulatory review, requiring preclinical safety and efficacy data to meet

• tend to evade renal filtration due to the formation of a protein corona that effectively increases their hydrodynamic size [38]. Beyond renal clearance, particle size also critically influences toxicity, metabolic fate, tumour targeting, protein interactions, and hepatic processing. Additional

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• properties of LNPs including particle size, surface charge, and encapsulation efficiency. Subsequent sections explore the roles of PEG lipids in modulating protein corona formation and cellular uptake. The latter parts highlight the potential of functionalized PEG lipids for targeted delivery and the

• particle size decreasing from 173.9 nm at 1 mol % to 109.1 nm at 5 mol %. Meanwhile, the PDI increased modestly from 0.060 to 0.146 with the increase of PEG density from 1 to 5 mol %, indicating a slight broadening in size distribution and less LNP homogeneity at higher PEG levels. The surface charge on

• fraction of PEG lipids can affect LNP characterizations. In DMPE-PEG5k LNPs, increasing the PEG lipid fraction from 1.5 mol % to 5 mol % resulted in no significant change in particle size but led to a substantial encapsulation efficiency drop from over 90% to below 80%. While in LNPs incorporating Chol-PEG

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• between them and results in more uniform nucleation and better control over particle size and morphology. Moreover, continuous stirring prevents aggregation of the nanoparticles, contributing to their colloidal stability. Studies have shown that variations in stirring speed can significantly impact the

• nanoparticle formation in real time by detecting surface plasmon resonance bands, which provide insight into particle size and distribution [57]. XRD offers detailed information on the crystalline structure and phase composition of the nanoparticles, confirming successful synthesis and purity [53]. Together

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• depends on polymer type and particle size. In contrast, nanomaterials show higher and more significant removal efficiency, in some cases exceeding 99%. Particularly, multifunctional materials (e.g., Fe3O4@PDA-lipase nanoparticles or MOFs) combine adsorption, magnetic recovery, and even catalytic

• particles·L−1, in which the bulk of the data is approximately 569–751 particles·kg−1 [38][39]. In the study of Chu et al., MP concentrations in the water and pipe scale samples ranged from 13.2 to 134.7 particles·L−1 and from 569.9 to 751.7 particles·kg−1, respectively, with a significantly smaller particle

• size in the pipe scales (50–100 μm) than in the water samples (>200 μm) [40]. In Eastern China, the level of MPs in raw water was recorded at 4960 particles·L−1. After being treated by various processes, the MPs concentration significantly reduced from 4712 ± 95 particles·L−1 to 1012 ± 78 particles·L−1

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• , can occur in organic or aqueous continuous phases, with the latter offering a reduction of toxic solvent residues. Miniemulsion and microemulsion methods provide better control over particle size and distribution, although microemulsion polymerization often requires higher concentrations of

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• required to produce nanoemulsions with a uniform particle size and incorporated a co-surfactant to enhance the stability of the nanoformulation. A straightforward method was proposed, involving the dilution of the preformulation in an ophthalmic vehicle, followed by homogenization through ultrasonication

• emulsion, if the component proportions in its formulation are adjusted to enhance stability. In this context, as an initial approach, different concentrations of lecithin were evaluated in pre-formulations (pre-emulsions). The results for particle size, polydispersity index, electrical conductivity, zeta

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• compounds must have properties that contribute to a stable formulation, difficulty in controlling physicochemical characteristics, such as particle size, which can affect reproducibility and scalability, and problems related to rapid clearance and interaction with non-target tissues, mainly due to the

• CXCL9/10 expression in Schwann cells [114]. Particle size and stability of the formulation in the patent were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced uptake in HepG2 cells, as confirmed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, and achieved a

• particle size, along with improved interaction with cellular receptors, enables a significantly increase of the cell inhibitory effect (tumor cells were HepG2 and MCF-7), with the complex exhibiting an increased amount of cytokine secretion when used at a concentration of 10 mg·mL−1 [76]. Gold

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• 165 nm and a positive zeta potential of 7.0 mV. After the addition of venom, the PLA nanoparticles loaded with T. serrulatus venom proteins remained with a narrow particle size distribution. Moreover, an increase in size of the particles occurred after the addition of the venom for both concentrations

• as the mean diameters of nanoparticles (Figure 2). Physical stability assay Distinct NPs with venom-loaded formulations were analyzed for particle size and PDI (Figure 3). The tracking was accomplished for 42 days (six weeks) and the formulations do not show significant differences in particle size

• on the particle size; thus, small particles have a larger surface area for dissolution, providing faster release kinetics [39]. Uniformity of particle size is also important for the stability of the formulation, as well as for the choice of administration route. The intravenous and intramuscular

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• processes [96]. The particle size of photocatalysts plays a very important role in the recombination of electrons and holes. Smaller particles exhibit higher photocatalytic activity due to their increased surface area, which allows for greater adsorption of pollutants and enhanced production of hydroxyl

• radicals. These benefits are particularly significant when the particle size is reduced to around 10 nm. Utilizing nanostructured semiconductors in photocatalytic applications proves to be more efficient, as a larger proportion of the photogenerated electron–hole pairs is available at the surface

• . Nanoparticles, owing to their high surface-to-volume ratio, demonstrate superior catalytic performance compared to bulk materials. Furthermore, the particle size of semiconductors influences their bandgap energy and crystalline structure, which in turn affects their redox potential and the spatial distribution

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• structure of the formed NPs were analyzed by means of ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. Particle size and morphology

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• advantage of the solution-exposed carboxylate group of 3,4-DHBA to produce IONPs that are amenable to further functionalization using EDC coupling, without sacrificing the small particle size, which is critical for maintaining their magnetic properties [50] and increasing their half-life in the bloodstream

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• demonstrates the capability of LML to transform smaller NPs into larger spherical structures, confirming the process’s potential for tuning particle size through laser irradiation. The productivity of SMSPs synthesized by PLML increases with high-power laser irradiation because the mass of melted particles is

• the particle size, inhomogeneous heating occurs, leading to nanoparticle formation as a byproduct [55][56]. Therefore, a method called burst mode has been explained to control particle heating and suppress byproduct formation through partial evaporation as shown in Figure 6 [54][57][58][59][60]. The

• influencing the particle size [61]. Figure 5b,c depicts this dependency studies of laser fluence required to melt a single particle of Au, Fe3O4, and Fe2O3 using different wavelengths of laser (355 and 532 nm). Longer laser irradiation times lead to larger particle sizes, with initially inhomogeneous

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• these results, we conclude that 72 h represents the optimal irradiation time for the complete transformation of silver seeds into silver nanoplates in this study. From the FESEM images and particle size distribution graph after 12 h of LED irradiation in Figure 3, it is observed that the particle sizes

• the range of 25–35 nm, suggesting a greater presence of AgNPrs. However, the persistence of AgNPs and round silver nanoparticles implies that the conversion efficiency from AgNPs to AgNPrs remains relatively low. After 72 h of LED irradiation, the particle size increased significantly compared to the

• nm. Samples were diluted tenfold with deionized water prior to measurement. To determine the morphology, particle size of the synthesized nanostructures, the samples were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Hitachi S-4800, Japan) and transmission electron microscopy

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• highly dependent on biochar particle size and column dimensions [47]. Specifically, biochar sized 0.6–1.18 mm combined with a column diameter of 15 mm and a 20 cm bed depth achieved up to 96.65% removal efficiency. For 10 µm PE particles, retention was limited to segments 3–9 (out of 29 segments) with

• biochar, MP particle size and the aggregation potential of MPs [43][67]. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing biochar properties to enhance MP removal across different particle types and sizes. Despite advancements in biochar-based filtration and batch treatment, the removal efficiency

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• (III) metalloantibiotic 12 (Figure 4) in liposomes [113]. The Au-loaded liposomes displayed high loading efficiency, high stability, and particle size and zeta potential values suitable for drug delivery. Even though the antibacterial activity against resistant strains of S. aureus was not improved, a

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• traditional methods, such as thin film hydration, to produce liposomes and lipid nanoparticles [113][120]. Microfluidics offers exceptional control over particle size, lower variability, higher EE, and better scalability, making it the most advanced and practical approach for nanoparticle production [115][119

• ]. Different techniques are used to evaluate the characteristics of liposomes [122][123][124]. In the case of average particle size, DLS and microscopy techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), TEM, cryogenic TEM, and AFM are used to determine the size of liposomes [122]. The size of liposomes is

• liposomes (AGCL) using alkyl-N-octyl-β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside with the idea that incorporating Cel into alkyl-Glu-modified liposomes could improve its ability to target tumors and reduce potential side effects. The particle size and zeta potential of AGCL were reported to be approximately 83.41 nm and −19.1 mV

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• , θ is the Bragg angle in radians, β is the full width at half maximum of the peak in radians, D is the particle size, and k is a constant with a value of 0.9. As shown in Table 1, an increase in the deposition current and VO(acac)2 concentration led to narrower peak widths and larger crystallite

• observed in the Raman spectra. These structural features are critical for improving the electronic and catalytic properties of BiVO4 photoanodes. To complement the XRD-derived crystallite sizes, the particle sizes were estimated from the FESEM images. As shown in Table 1, the particle size trends do not

• . This distinction suggests that while the crystallite size governs the internal crystalline quality and carrier mobility, the particle size affects the surface area and interface kinetics. Ideally, a material such as BiVO4(326) with both large crystallites and small, porous particles offers superior PEC

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• applications. It forms crosslinked gels and responds to changes in pH and temperature [93]. To escape the RES, ovalbumin nanoparticles are conjugated with polyethylene glycol. Controlling the PEG/OVA ratio allows for fine-tuning of critical physical properties, such as particle size, elasticity, and mesh size

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• seen for rBP compared to BP, which indicates a decrease in interplanar spacing, suggesting that NC has infiltrated the PVA lattice structure. For rCBP, with the addition of PE-CEO that has a larger particle size (≈700 nm [38]), the peaks were shifted towards lower angles and the peak intensity was

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• antimetabolite used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, were obtained by Sadarani et al. (2019). First, methotrexate was encapsulated in deformable liposomes followed by incorporation in the hydroxyethylcellulose gel. The nanogel-MTX presented a small particle size of 110 ± 20 nm and a drug encapsulation rate of 42

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• of solubility were later contradicted by particle size distribution analysis. Figure 2 shows the solubility behavior of PpIX in water and EtOHabs, with mean concentrations of 0.497 ± 0.054 mg/mL in water, and 0.179 ± 0.004 mg/mL in EtOHabs. In contrast, the systems containing 0.4 mg/mL of PpIX in