Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• effects by efficiently eliminating DPPH activity. This research highlights the potential of AgSbS2 NCs as versatile agents with applications in biomedical and environmental domains, including cancer therapy, antimicrobial strategies, and free radical neutralization. Keywords: AgSbS2 nanocrystals

• therapeutic approaches [2]. Currently, the assessment of nanotechnology’s impact on the health of both humans and animals, along with its potential in therapy, has become an imperative scientific consideration. Nanotechnology, which is multidisciplinary, is the synthesis of materials and particles with

• from antibacterial activity to tumor therapy activity [5][6][7]. The escalating global concern regarding antimicrobial resistance presents a considerable threat to public health. Researchers are persistently exploring alternative strategies to address this pressing issue and the critical demand for

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• updated every decade [23][24]. The hallmarks framework has enabled researchers to develop more nuanced, spatially informed approaches to cancer therapy, reinforcing its role in driving multidisciplinary strategies for predicting treatment response [25]. Targeted drug delivery is an emerging

• cases, is invasive and not always feasible, especially if cancer has metastasised. Radiation therapy similarly suffers if the cancer has metastasised, and may damage healthy tissues and organs, causing long-term complications. Chemotherapy can also indiscriminately kill healthy cells and result in

• nanoscale materials, highlighting key agencies, legislative instruments, and guidance initiatives. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 18: Overview of conventional drug delivery methods in cancer therapy, including administration routes, key characteristics, and example drugs. Funding The

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• ], photodynamic therapy [96], antimicrobial applications [97], intracellular parasites such as Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. [98][99], and for antioxidant potential [100], larvicidal, and repellent activities against arthropod vectors [101]. Nanotechnology has shown the potential to enhance the

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• caries and periodontal disease progression. In periodontal therapy, green-synthesized nanoparticles have been formulated into bioadhesive gels, local delivery systems, and coated dental flosses to sustain antimicrobial release in periodontal pockets [18]. Such approaches improve the control of

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• and effective topical therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Keywords: cutaneous leishmaniasis; Leishmania amazonensis; nanoemulsion; negleted tropical disease; phytol; Introduction Leishmaniasis is one of the 20 listed neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), affecting over 350 million people globally

• the cutaneous to the mucocutaneous form [6], particularly involving the nasal septum and ears) resulting in scarring, anatomical disfigurement, and consequent social stigmatization [7][8][9]. Current therapeutic strategies for leishmaniasis rely on pentavalent antimonial compounds (first-line therapy

• amastigotes forms, in vivo validation, and clinical translation of PHYT-NE as a safe and effective topical therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Conclusion This is the first time that a soybean oil-based nanoemulsion containing phytol with antileishmanial potential has been reported. The results of this study

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• biocompatibility might exhibit a piezoelectric effect under ultrasound irradiation and generate superoxide anion radicals [5]. The results confirmed the potential of the selected LDH for application in novel piezocatalytic tumor therapy as an effective sonosensitizer. The obtained data indicated that the

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• route is the simplest and most effective method for administering medications with minimal side effects. It is cost-effective, corresponding medications are easy to produce on a large scale, and it promotes high patient adherence to therapy. This makes this route the largest market for pharmaceutical

• CME, enabling targeted therapy [81]. The dimeric protein caveolin-1 is the primary agent in CvME, playing key roles in cell signaling, lipid regulation, and vesicular transport. It also defines the characteristic flask-like shape of vesicles and is located on the cytosolic side of the membrane

• immunomodulatory activity, which plays a key role in antitumor therapy by inducing cell apoptosis [133]. Building on this, Imperiale et al. [114] evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile of chitosan NPs loaded with IFNα and analyzed the cellular compatibility of the NPs in intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) and the

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• , leveraging the high target specificity of well-selected aptamers may bring new breakthroughs in the diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery of EC. Keywords: aptamers; detection; drug delivery; esophageal cancer; esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; therapy; Review 1 Introduction Esophageal cancer (EC) is

• further play a role in diagnosis and therapy by identifying and regulating the expression level of targets. In addition, SELEX has also been further developed into cell-SELEX [30], subtractive EMSA-SELEX [31], and CE-SELEX [32] along with technological progress, which is helpful to improve screening

• . Pegaptanib and Avacincaptad pegol can be administered topically by intravitreal injection, easily achieving ideal bioavailability. However, the clinical utility of aptamer-based therapeutics remains limited. Developing new aptamers for esophageal cancer therapy presents multiple challenges, such as lack of

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• (approximately 5% or 1.5 µL) of the administered dose reaches the ocular chamber after topical application to the inferior conjunctival sac [10][11]. The topical use of artificial tears is the standard treatment for symptomatic relief from DED [12], while topical anti-inflammatory therapy is used in chronic

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• pharmacokinetic properties, increasing bioavailability, protecting them from degradation, and allowing for site-specific delivery [24]. Consequently, this combination addresses both the limitations of natural products and the complex challenges of cancer therapy [25]. Unlike conventional literature reviews, this

• targeting and tumor inhibition. Following this perspective, patents CN111202719, CN114470229, and CN115252560 represent advances in tumor therapy, since they combine cell cycle blockade and inhibition of metabolic pathways, which are considered complex cellular mechanisms. Nevertheless, patent CN109846857

• vasculature of these cells compared to healthy ones. Upon absorption of light during photodynamic therapy, Ce6 generates ROS, causing damage to the cell membrane, proteins, and DNA of the cancer cells, ultimately leading to their destruction. Additionally, the ROS produced by Ce6 destroys the vascular layer

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• nerve (right). Figure 1b was adapted from [7] (J. Koo et al., “Wireless bioresorbable electronic system enables sustained nonpharmacological neuroregenerative therapy”, Nat. Med., vol. 24, pages 1830–1836, 2018, published by Springer Nature), with permission from SNCSC. This content is not subject to CC

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• adverse effects and increasing the success rate of the delivery. Since nanomaterials can be tunable, the vast majority of health sectors are investigating their potential in a wide range of applications, such as targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, tissue regeneration, imaging, and diagnostic tools [2

• membranes [8]. They can carry both water-soluble and fat-soluble drugs, shielding them from breaking down and extending their circulation time. Certain liposome-based drugs have already been approved for therapeutic use, especially in cancer therapy, where they may protect nearby healthy cells from toxicity

• their controlled release. They are also being investigated as gene delivery agents since they can transport DNA or RNA, making them a potential candidate for therapies such as gene therapy and RNA-based vaccines [11]. Furthermore, carbon nanotubes have revealed promising results in targeted delivery

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• .; Liu, G. Nanoscale 2025, 17, 5605–5628. doi:10.1039/D4NR04774E ]. This review explores the potential of encapsulated metalloantibiotics as a new frontier in antimicrobial therapy. We address the mechanisms by which drug delivery systems can stabilize and direct metalloantibiotics to their biological

• Encapsulation of metal complexes within advanced nanoparticles has shown immense potential in antimicrobial therapy [99]. Thus, there are several recent studies reporting that these drug delivery systems can overcome the limitations in the therapeutic use of free metalloantibiotic drugs, including low

• early stages of infection and biofilm formation. Iridium complexes Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is gaining recognition as a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics for managing chronic skin infections [136]. However, its broader application is contingent upon the development of

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• Ferroptosis has shown potential therapeutic effects in tumor therapy as an iron-dependent programmed cell death. The induction of ferroptosis is based on lipid peroxidation, the accumulation of iron and reactive oxygen species, and the depletion of glutathione. Nowadays, various nanoparticles are reported for

• ferroptosis-based therapy. Among them, engineered liposomes have received more attention due to their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and flexibility in chemical and structural modifications. The present review focuses on the mechanisms of ferroptosis and its induction by engineered liposomes to improve

• tumor therapy. It also highlights the fascinating outcome of liposome-mediated ferroptosis in overcoming the obstacles to cancer therapy, along with the limitations and possible future directions. Keywords: cancer; ferroptosis; liposome; nanomedicine; stimuli-responsive; Review 1 Introduction Cancer

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• utility, biomimetic nanoparticles hold great promise for advancing the field of cancer treatment. Keywords: biomimetic nanoparticles; homotypic binding; nanomaterials; targeted drug delivery; tumor therapy; Introduction Cancer is a complex disease, which involves numerous cells and their crosstalk with

• efficacy. Furthermore, they increased the ratio of M1-type macrophages, CD3+CD4+T cells, and CD3+CD8+T cells in the tumor tissues, indicating the reversal of immunosuppressive TMEs (Figure 4) [33]. Interestingly, Xue et al. applied magnetothermal (MHT) antitumor therapy because of minimal invasiveness

• and MHT performance in vitro. Furthermore, RAW267.4-loaded with Fe@Fe3O4-DHCA demonstrated efficiency in vivo. Thus, Fe@Fe3O4-DHCA nanoparticles showed great application potential for tumor diagnosis and therapy [34]. 1.1.3 Neutrophils. Neutrophils are among the most abundant and frontline phagocytes

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• encapsulation of poorly water-soluble drugs and allowing the controlled release of the encapsulated compound [142][144]. These innovations represent a significant advance in the development of multifunctional and biocompatible nanogels, suitable for applications in oncology, gene therapy, and precision medicine

• characteristics make the system a promising multifunctional option for treating skin wounds [126]. Topical medicines are the first-choice therapy for the management of chronic autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Skin thickening, scaling, and epidermal alterations impose many obstacles

• for topical therapy. Nanoparticle-loaded hydrogels have proven to be promising carrier systems to deliver mometasone furoate [186], clobetasol propionate [198], and curcumin [185] for psoriasis therapy. For treating atopic dermatitis, PVA/alginate hydrogel loaded with prednisolone showed effective

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• Michelly de Sa Matsuoka Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz Marcos Luciano Bruschi Jessica Bassi da Silva Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.16.89 Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive treatment involving a photosensitizer (PS), light

• are unsuitable solvents for PpIX, whereas the nanostructured systems containing P407 showed the greatest potential for future pharmaceutical applications, mainly the aqueous one because of its low toxicity considering topical preparations. Keywords: 5-aminolevulinic acid; photodynamic therapy

• ; protoporphyrin IX; shake-flask; solubility test; Introduction Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapeutic modality that has raised keen interest in the treatment of various conditions including cancer and microbial infections [1][2]. This non-invasive treatment combines a photosensitizer (PS), a

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• generation of reactive oxygen species by AlClPc, ZnPc, and PtOEP nanoparticles and the photocytotoxicity for PC12 and HeLa cells, and demonstrated that the nanoparticles can be used as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Keywords: aqueous colloid; photosensitizer; phthalocyanine; pulsed laser

• fragmentation in liquids; reactive oxygen species generation; Introduction Porphyrins and phthalocyanines (Pcs), exhibiting intense absorption in the visible to near-infrared (NIR) regions, are well studied as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) [1]. Especially, Pcs absorb strongly light in the

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• microscopy (PFM, Nanomagnetic Instruments, UK) was applied to evaluate nanoscale piezoelectric behavior using self-aligned conducting EFM probes with a spring constant of 2.8 N/m and a resonance frequency of 75 kHz. In vitro analyses To investigate the influence of hBNs and BaTiO3 with US therapy on

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• applications such as magnetic hyperthermia, where NPs are used in cancer therapy to induce localized heating when exposed to an alternating magnetic field [34]. However, producing CCAs at the nanoscale presents significant challenges. Traditional wet chemistry approaches often fail because of elemental

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• -powered PDs, as opposed to conventional PDs, are well suited to operate in challenging environments and their applications and benefits in fields such as wireless environmental sensing, chemical and biosensing, in situ medical-therapy monitoring are explained in detail by Xu et al. in their review [34

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• prescribed in DM therapy, they can result in limited efficacy and cause various adverse reactions such as dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nausea, and lactic acidosis [3], which vary according to the hypoglycemic agent used and the patient’s individual response. As an alternative to conventional DM treatments

• , the microemulsion containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil has emerged as a promising innovative therapy for the treatment of liver damage resulting from diabetes mellitus. However, more studies, especially human clinical trials, are needed to validate its long-term efficacy and better understand

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• and differentiation to repair damaged neural tissue [171]. They are also widely used for cancer treatments such as photothermal and photodynamic therapy, where light activation creates heat or reactive oxygen species to severely damage and kill cancer cells while reducing the harm done to healthy

• growth [175]. Zhou et al. focused on the fabrication of a novel composite membrane suitable for photothermal cancer therapy based on black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets because of their high biocompatibility and photothermal efficacy. SF was used as an exfoliating agent in stable liquid exfoliation with

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• amyloid oligomers has garnered significant attention over time, primarily because of three key observations related to drug candidates for AD therapy. These observations are (i) ineffectiveness of plaque-targeting therapies, that is, therapeutic agents that focus solely on the removal of amyloid plaques

• ) enhance imaging sensitivity because of their distinct electrical or photoluminescent properties. For treatment, NPs can serve as drug carriers, improving delivery across the BBB and reducing side effects. Their large surface area allows for controlled drug release and targeted therapy, enhancing treatment