Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• attachment was primarily influenced by coating roughness, with a specific threshold beyond which adhesion did not increase or was negatively impacted. These findings highlight the potential of engineered PTYR nanocoatings for developing advanced hemocompatible surfaces for biomedical implants. Keywords

• higher Rku. Further, a strong negative correlation between Ra and cell number after 1 d (−0.81) was determined, but it did not translate into any dependence after 7 d (0.13). Ra represents average roughness, which means the deviation of a surface from a mean height. A threshold-like behavior is also

• multiplied, as shown in Figure 8b. Similar to our study, surface Ra affecting the initial threshold has been reported by other authors [38]. It is known that both nano/microroughness and wettability of the material surface can influence cell adhesion since these parameters affect the adsorption kinetics of

Ferroelectric nanodot reservoir for neuromorphic computing

• Anna Razumnaya,
• Yuri Tikhonov,
• Dmitrii Naidenko,
• Léo Boron,
• Valerii Vinokur and
• Igor Lukyanchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 352–364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.24

• dot is binary, taking either +1 (“up”) or −1 (“down”). Switching occurs when the applied electric field E exceeds the local threshold Ec,i. After assigning the static coercive-field distribution, the simulation begins with a reset protocol: Alternating bipolar charge pulses (+nq, −nq) with n = [N2/2

• dot with the lowest switching threshold among the eligible ones undergoes a polarization reversal, thereby updating the system state. This discrete event simulation captures the nonlinear hysteretic evolution of the entire reservoir. Importantly, because of the broad distribution of Ec and the

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• wavelengths in the near infrared; this produces heat that can cause vaporisation of the liquid layer once the fluence threshold of vaporisation is reached [59]. At high irradiances, in the gigawatt per square centimetre range, nonlinear optical effects such as self-focusing, supercontinuum generation

• by a local modification of the refractive index of a material due to the propagation of an intense laser beam due to the Kerr effect [59][112]. Self-focusing is a power-dependent effect and occurs in water at a threshold laser power of the order of 1 MW that corresponds, for a typical irradiation

• spot size of 100 μm, to an irradiance threshold of ≈1010 W·cm−2 [112][113]. When the irradiance exceeds the self-focusing threshold at 1010 W·cm−2, several nonlinear processes such as self-phase modulation, four-wave mixing, Raman scattering, and self-steepening cause severe spectral broadening

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• (GO) or trenches, depending on the applied voltage and process conditions. Key experimental findings highlight that the type and size of features depend on several factors, including the magnitude of the tip voltage, relative humidity, and writing speed [22]. For instance, voltages below a threshold

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• fluorescence. Moreover, the reorientation of the aggregates themselves appears to demand an even greater energy threshold. The enhancement of absorption around 444 nm is of limited practical utility, as the absorption becomes excessively strong, restricting effective energy delivery to the surface layers of

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• ideal lateral sliding path. Depending on the local contact geometry, the displacement may also include a rolling component. According to Tafazzoli et al., sliding motion sets in first and is dominant over rolling motion [48]. When the force exceeds a critical threshold, rolling and sliding can occur

• between 0 and 1000 V bias, the energy per atom (≈2.8 eV·atom−1) is still clearly below the binding strength of a bulk Cu–Cu bond (≈3.5 eV·atom−1) [51]. This energy per atom remains near the upper limit of the soft-landing regime, but approaches the threshold of the intermediate regime [46]. Larger NPs (10

• , but such values are common for single-crystalline Cu. In Figure 7 the theoretical adhesion threshold, F0 − 6πRγ, values are plotted as a function of the NP diameter. Negative values indicate the sticking regime, and positive values correspond to NP rebound (compare Equation 4). As shown in Figure 7

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• range was chosen because (i) it remains below the high-stress temperature threshold of C. elegans (>35 °C) [53] and (ii) it falls within the linear, high-sensitivity region of the NaYF4:Yb/Er nanoparticle thermometric response (20–100 °C) [44]. The black diamonds denote the combined mean values of both

• observed at 25 °C, with a decreasing trend as the temperature increased. It is important to note that the relative sensitivity remained above the 0.5%·C−1 threshold, a benchmark for high-performance nanothermometry applications [55]. This confirms previous studies showing that the temperature-dependent

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• heating capability, a critical requirement for hyperthermia applications. The temperature increases of 6.5 and 9.6 °C under 536 and 796 kHz, respectively, surpass the thermal threshold required to induce apoptosis in cancer cells (42–46 °C). The fast heating kinetics observed here are comparable to those

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• different countries, organized by the VB12 concentration threshold [70]. Initially, labs used microbiological tests to determine VB12 levels because of their favorable accuracy. These tests did not measure VB12 directly. Instead, microbiological analyses examined how certain bacteria consume this water

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• , suggesting that the critical voltage threshold may have been exceeded, resulting in the formation of two separate jets: one from the core and another from the shell, ultimately producing monolithic fibers. Reducing the voltage to 15 kV (Figure 4C) yielded fibers with an average diameter of 266 ± 139 nm, no

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• the NPs in solid and liquid state, respectively, and Lm is the latent heat of fusion. These equations allow to determine the threshold irradiance required to melt NPs of specific sizes and compositions using laser pulses with a selected duration, fluence, and wavelength: The dissipation of the

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• irradiation and what kind of morphology is developed for the finally formed metal-rich structures. (3) Analyzing BSE images of the evolving surface morphology at successive stages of FIB irradiation in order to determine “the sputtering point”, that is, the threshold ion fluence at which the sputtering

• becomes the dominant process over structure growth, leading to the erosion of the formed metal-rich deposits. This threshold provides insight into the precursor’s resistance to ion bombardment and is crucial for assessing its stability and reactivity under processing conditions. (4) Collecting SEM EDX

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• normalized time, τ. Our simulations revealed a critical damping threshold at αcrit ≈ 0.8; below this value, stable soliton propagation is not supported. Also, under this condition, the energy dissipation rate is too high relative to the energy transfer between adjacent junctions, causing the soliton to decay

• quasiparticle current () that flows as a junction switches. This larger current provides a stronger driving force to the next junction in the line, causing it to reach its critical threshold and switch more rapidly, thus increasing the overall propagation velocity of the soliton. The functionality of the KICK

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• enough momentum transferred to the target, it can result in an atomic displacement from the solid, a process known as sputtering. There exists a critical energy level for sputtering to take place. Above this threshold, the sputter yield increases until it reaches a peak, after which it starts to decrease

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• threshold (30–50 kDa), thereby prolonging circulation half-life and enhancing stability. These strategies collectively improve drug bioavailability while reducing off-target toxicity, offering versatile solutions for aptamer applications in precision medicine. The following sections give a summary of the

• response rate failed to meet the predefined efficacy threshold, ultimately leading to regulatory rejection. To improve aptamer permeability and enzyme resistance, and to enable clinical transformation of potentially useful aptamers, there are two strategies. First, chemical modification of aptamers. By

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• threshold, a more nuanced study of the differences in water uptake between tissues is required to gain a better understanding of motion actuation. Quan et al. [24] also measured the gravimetric water uptake, revealing a hysteresis between uptake and evaporation, but without distinguishing between the scale

• analyses, and visualization were done with Python (ver. 3.12.8) using the packages pandas (ver. 2.2.3) [42], scipy (ver. 1.14.1) [43] and seaborn (ver. 0.13.2) [44]. The threshold of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Gravimetric water uptake The gravimetric water uptake measurements

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• segmentation based on a threshold that differentiated between the pixel brightness of the glass fibers and the PP resulted in the fiber pixel area (Af). The fiber content of each cross-sectional image was calculated as the ratio between Af and At, and the values of the cross sections of each cut specimen were

• applied. The small deviation may be due to the volume reduction of PP during hot pressing, the burnt glass fibers at the edges, and inaccuracies in the post-processing threshold algorithms. The good fusion of the individual compartments and the gradual increase in fiber concentration along the specimen

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• significance of photon-assisted transitions in fragmentation processes, particularly when interacting with the second and third harmonics of a picosecond Nd:YAG laser. Although the temperature of the Au NPs exceeded the evaporation threshold, the results suggest that heating alone was not the primary cause of

• model, which was experimentally validated. In 2010, as research on pulsed laser irradiation progressed, Koshizaki’s group explored the potential of non-focused laser beams with moderate fluence, lower than the ablation threshold, to irradiate colloidal NPs [42][48][49][64][65][66][67]. Their findings

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• . Although modern NMR instruments have improved sensitivity, there is still a practical detection threshold. If the concentration of PDA falls below this threshold, the signal may not be detectable or may be too weak to provide meaningful information. These factors make it challenging to detect and quantify

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• threshold of >0.98, the model was able to reliably generate and identify sharp tips. Dataset summary Using the data generation method described above, we obtained a total of 2604 individual spectra on the bare Au(111) surface, 86 of which were used for our classification models. In order to use this data

• plotted, showing the spread of the RMS in each category. This histogram is shown in Figure 6. From this, the final threshold was chosen <0.25, with all spectra resulting in a value within this range classified as “good”. Using this method, the deterministic model was able to achieve an overall accuracy of

• move on to either an in situ tip preparation step, (j); if the number of shaping attempts without a “good” tip has exceeded a pre-determined threshold, (i), the tip is moved away macroscopically, (k), under the assumption that the area is not suitable for classification. Throughout the schematic, green

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• structure with laser irradiation wavelengths ranging from 400 to 2200 nm. From this, a linear trend in LIPSS characteristics was observed up to 2000 nm, and the threshold of the LIPSS formation was determined [52]. In the present work, we extend the LIPSS over a large area, instead of a single line, using

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• microbial access [7]. PVA also exhibits superior biocompatibility as evidenced by its high safety threshold (LD50 of 15–20 g·kg−1), low systemic absorption, absence of mutagenic effects, and established medical applications, making it a reliable choice for biopackaging without concerns of harmful

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• . Therefore, the type and density of these MS channels triggered at different threshold values of membrane tension determine the survival capacity of the bacteria under drastic changes in osmotic pressure [16][17][18][19][20]. PA is also known to use other channel proteins to overcome the attack by

• changes before it reaches the force threshold of 500 pN. These results are interpreted as follows. For the three investigated osmolarity levels, bacteria do not seem to be disrupted or damaged, at least from a morphological point of view when imaged in the low regime of loading forces or from its

• prevented by the rapid reaction of the MS channels, which act as safety valves which open as soon as the internal Pt causes an increase in the tension of the envelope above a specific threshold value. Then, it rapidly releases contained osmolytes to deflate the internal pressure and avoid membrane rupture