Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• highly dependent on environmental factors such as pH, temperature, and ionic concentration [81]. To maintain functional performance over the intended period, a common strategy is to apply an encapsulation layer over the active components of the device. This encapsulation serves as a temporary barrier

• the mechanical and crystalline properties of such natural waxes, blended composite materials (e.g., candelilla/beeswax or candelilla/PBTPA mixtures) have been investigated for their potential use as barrier coatings [86]. A 300 μm thick edge-encapsulated mixture film was found to protect a 300 nm

• of organic displays, are known for their superior water resistance due to their densely packed atomic structures. However, even these films are susceptible to defects formed during deposition, which compromise their barrier function. To overcome this, display technologies have utilized techniques

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• receptors and ligands, as well as the number of interactions necessary to overcome the energy barrier for cellular uptake. Properly balancing these factors ensures efficient binding and internalization of the nanoparticles by the target cells [50][51]. For example, nanoparticles can be engineered to

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• among the white blood cells [35]. Neutrophils are the first to appear at the site of inflammation and easily cross different biological barriers such as blood–tissue barrier, blood–brain barrier (BBB) or blood–tumor barrier (BTB). Therefore, neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles have been

• , where drug delivery is limited by the blood–pancreas barrier. The nanoparticles successfully crossed the barrier, accumulated selectively in pancreatic cancer cells, inhibited tumor growth and its metastasis to the liver [36]. Similarly, neutrophil membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles were used for the

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• exhibits good heat-resistance, mechanical, and water-barrier properties. At an emulsion concentration as low as 10% (v/w) in the casting solution, high UV absorbance capacity (up to 100% UVC), high antibacterial activity (92.4% Escherichia coli inhibition), and good antioxidative properties (up to 43% DPPH

• radical scavenging) were observed. These bioactive properties and the inherent moisture barrier property of the packaging material are utilized for strawberry preservation with a significant preservation time of 21 days compared to control samples that start to grow a white fungus on day 11. This

• applications, influencing barrier properties against moisture transmission. The results show that adding CEO reduces WVP values compared to the control. At 4% (v/w) PE-CEO, WVP decreases by approximately 23.5%, reaching 4.12 × 10−12 g·m−1·s−1·Pa−1 due to increased hydrophobicity and reduced polymer chain

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• delivery Topical drug delivery is a challenging issue, notably due to the barrier function of the skin, which is mainly exerted by its outermost layer, the stratum corneum (SC) [169][170]. The skin barrier is based on the specific content and composition of the SC and, in particular, on the exceptional

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• roles in protecting the epithelium, facilitating digestion, and acting as a barrier against pathogens and toxic compounds [30][31]. Similar responses have been documented in previous studies, where resistant Ae. aegypti strains exposed to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) produced abundant PM

• barrier disruption, or the presence of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) [34][35]. Melanization serves as a fundamental defense mechanism in arthropods, contributing to the encapsulation of damaged tissues and neutralization of harmful agents, including ROS and foreign particles [36]. It is

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• strength, thermal stability, and biodegradability. However, to broaden its range of applications, certain properties require enhancement, including mechanical performance, thermal and electrical conductivity, biodegradation rate, and barrier properties [1][2][3][4][5]. The limited biodegradability of PBS

• packaging, which typically require elongation at break in the range of 100–600% and Young’s modulus between 200 and 700 MPa [25]. Potential applications include stretch sleeves, flexible lids, and barrier films, where controlled deformation and improved wear resistance are desired. Rheological analysis

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• sp3 hybridization is a metastable material. A significant activation barrier hampers its relaxation into sp2 graphitic carbon, and this transformation occurs during vacuum heating in the temperature range of 1500–1800 °C [9]. According to molecular dynamics simulations, graphitization of nonterminated

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• capacity and cycle life of SIBs. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has a layered structure and a high theoretical capacity of 669 mAh·g−1, so it is considered as a promising anode material for SIBs [1][2]. The large sodium ion can diffuse with a low energy barrier between the S−Mo−S layers due to the interlayer

• retained in the carbon layers. The horizontally oriented graphitic layers act as a barrier and prevent sodium from penetrating into the underlaying MoS2 film. In the PyC-MoS2 hybrid, sodium accumulation occurs more on the MoS2 surface or at the interface between MoS2 and PyC, than in the bulk of MoS2

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• smaller energy barrier for water electrolysis to produce hydrogen. These outcomes indicate that Ni/NiO/SS-10 shows the highest HER efficiency among the investigated electrodes. Its overpotential is comparable with Ni-based nanomaterials in the literature, as depicted in Table 2 [40][41][42][43][44][45][46

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• dissolve first. (The dissolution of the calcium alginate was proved by the XPS studies, and it will be presented and comment in section XPS results and analysis.) The next step is the dissolution of sucrose; whose molecules are polar, thus, they are not a barrier for saline. Without the sucrose shell, the

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• layer thicknesses are given. To overcome the visibility barrier, systematic optical and AFM studies were performed for CrCl3 flakes on an ITO substrate and are reported for comparison in Figure 2a,b. Based on the colors of the flakes seen in the optical microscope images, an interval of thickness values

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• diffusion barrier with potential application for microelectronics were fabricated [10][11]. In contrast, the stoichiometric mononitride TaN phase with face-centered cubic (FCC) structure exhibits superconductivity with a Tc of 8.15 K [12]; when the thin films were grown epitaxially on an FCC substrate, Tc

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• ) of the interfacial electron blocking layer into the spiro-OMeTAD. This interaction was said to de-dope spiro-OMeTAD and introduce a resistive layer that acted as a barrier for charge extraction. Such interaction between spiro-OMeTAD and iodide ions, as well as PTAA and iodide ions has also been

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• blood–brain barrier [8]. Its mean volume of distribution is approximately 70 L. In the range of pH 2–10, APT has very low solubility (0.37 µg/mL) [9]. Because of the low water-solubility, the low permeability, and the rate-limiting step of poor gastrointestinal absorption, APT is categorized as a BCS

• through intestinal barrier was slower. Precipitation is another factor that could explain the slow absorption of pure APT [23]. The quick absorption of APT from SLN was in turn connected with high dissolution and improved solubility of APT. Furthermore, stearic acid in SLNs also influences the dissolution

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• resident skin cells [36]. Inflammation At this stage of wound healing, skin regeneration begins and continues till the end. Skin regeneration is essential for maintaining homeostasis, avoiding infection, and repairing the skin’s barrier function [37]. The inflammation process kills pathogens, prevents the

• were used just as they were provided [155]. Because of its excellent barrier qualities and oxygen permeability, PU is commonly utilized in wound dressings [156]. Since PU is soft and hydrophobic, using it as a dressing material on its own would be unsuitable because the dressing might be too soft for

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• early detection and the identification of reliable biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Moreover, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) poses a significant obstacle to effective drug delivery, further hindering the development of successful treatments. Nanomaterials (NMs) offer promising solutions for the early

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• internal energy (ΔU). The ΔU value is positive and independent of the pressure, serving as a barrier that stabilizes the B1 phase during the transition to the B2 phase. Transition to the B2 occurs when ΔPV surpasses this barrier. The increasing chemical pressure resulting from the diffusion of Zn2SiO4

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• volume, enhancing the cumulative distortion effects inside the films. Furthermore, nitrogen implantation improves densification and modifies the crystal structure. Nitrogen ions serve as a barrier in boundary relaxation and grain growth, hence increasing the stress. The divergent behavior illustrates the

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• continue to the cellular nucleus. Certain cell surface receptors have demonstrated efficient binding to modified oligonucleotides, including integrins [50], toll-like receptors [51], and scavenger receptors [52]. However, the intracellular delivery to their specific site of action remains the major barrier

• study, Min et al. investigated the use of PLL to develop glucose-coated polymeric nanocarriers for the systemic delivery of ASOs across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) [71]. The authors utilised a polyion complex micelle (PIC/M) platform based on poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ʟ-lysine) (PEG–PLL, DPPLL = 42

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• assessed with a similar approach in a newly designed synthetic mucus hydrogel barrier system. The authors used differently sized polystyrene nanoparticles with polyethylene glycol (PEG) modifications. PEGylated nanoparticles exhibited better penetration than non-PEGylated formulations, regardless of the

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• than 5.78 eV, that is, the sum of CdTe electron affinity (4.28 eV) and bandgap (1.5 eV), would be required. Such a material is not available; therefore, the formation of a Schottky barrier is unavoidable. Because of the small 0.1 eV valance band offset at the CdTe/ZnTe interface, which is best for

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• chitosan/PVA nanofibers using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma and reported enhanced wettability, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of the fibers. The argon and oxygen plasma treatments led to significant cross-linking of the fibers, which improved tensile strength and Young’s modulus

Correction: AFM-IR investigation of thin PECVD SiO_x films on a polypropylene substrate in the surface-sensitive mode

• Hendrik Müller,
• Hartmut Stadler,
• Teresa de los Arcos,
• Adrian Keller and
• Guido Grundmeier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 252–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.19

• migration barrier for the use of postconsumer recycled materials in food contact” (TRR 87 - T07 Project number 138690629). This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under grant number 407752136 and North Rhine-Westphalia based on the funding for large appliances (AFM-IR).