Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• . Several crosslinking methods were researched to improve the mechanical strength, lower the permeability of the walls and enhance the stability of electrostatically bound hollow capsules made of weak PEs. The electrostatic assemblies are limited to the use of charged and water soluble polymers that could

• ability to disintegrate at physiological pH makes them more versatile for biomedical applications. Crosslinking and covalent interactions Unlike electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions, the covalently linked multilayers provide a more robust way to manipulate permeability, stability and mechanical

• formation of PAA/PAH capsules via EDC crosslinking (Figure 3c) [26]. Similarly, the post crosslinking of PEI/PAA microcapsules via glutaraldehyde (GA) chemistry also resulted in better stability over a wide pH range [53]. These capsules successfully encapsulated dextran (2000 KDa) molecules without any

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

Outstanding chain-extension effect and high UV resistance of polybutylene succinate containing amino-acid-modified layered double hydroxides

• Adam A. Marek,
• Vincent Verney,
• Christine Taviot-Gueho,
• Grazia Totaro,
• Laura Sisti,
• Annamaria Celli and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 684–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.68

• and LDH/HIS can result from the heterogeneity of the measured samples. In the case of the PBS nanocomposite with LDH/PHE, which shows the highest extending effect, a further increase in the Newtonian viscosity is observed, probably due to crosslinking reactions. The crosslinking phenomenon in the

Commercial polycarbonate track-etched membranes as substrates for low-cost optical sensors

• Paula Martínez-Pérez and
• Jaime García-Rupérez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 677–683, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.67

• developed by Aran and co-workers [13], the PCTE membrane can be covalently attached to the silicon surface employing (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) as a crosslinking reagent, which would avoid folding or displacement of the membrane during the sensing experiments. When measuring the optical response

Nanocomposite–parylene C thin films with high dielectric constant and low losses for future organic electronic devices

• Marwa Mokni,
• Gianluigi Maggioni,
• Abdelkader Kahouli,
• Sara M. Carturan,
• Walter Raniero and
• Alain Sylvestre

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 428–441, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.42

• crosslinking of the polymer chains thus decreasing the cooperative motion of chains and causing a reduction in the dielectric strength of the β-relaxation. An analogy to β-relaxation can be made by saying that the addition of AgOx nanoparticles behaves as an overall increase in material crystallinity (i.e

Nanocellulose: Recent advances and its prospects in environmental remediation

• Katrina Pui Yee Shak,
• Yean Ling Pang and
• Shee Keat Mah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2479–2498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.232

Fabrication of photothermally active poly(vinyl alcohol) films with gold nanostars for antibacterial applications

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Maria Moros,
• Claudia Tortiglione,
• Serena Bertoldi,
• Nicola Contessi,
• Silvia Faré,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Agnese D’Agostino,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2040–2048, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.193

• . Results and Discussion Crosslinked PVA films containing GNSs were prepared using a slightly modified protocol reported previously [20]. Crosslinking of the PVA matrix, together with addition of a plasticizer, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 200), is favorable as it can improve the stability and the mechanical

• properties of the films [20]. Citric acid was chosen as the crosslinking agent as, in comparison with the widely used method of crosslinking with glutaraldehyde, it is a non-toxic compound approved as a food additive, thus providing a green crosslinking route [20][25]. GNSs were synthesized via a seed-growth

• concentration as determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis [9][10]. In addition, GNSs bearing terminal carboxylic groups may also act as additional crosslinking agents of hydroxyl groups of the PVA matrix, thus improving its mechanical resistance. Detailed

Preparation of micro/nanopatterned gelatins crosslinked with genipin for biocompatible dental implants

• Reika Makita,
• Tsukasa Akasaka,
• Seiichi Tamagawa,
• Yasuhiro Yoshida,
• Saori Miyata,
• Hirofumi Miyaji and
• Tsutomu Sugaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1735–1754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.165

• surfaces using genipin crosslinking, with the aim of understanding the use of patterning in surface modification of dental implants. Results: Grooves, holes, and pillars, with widths or diameters of 2 µm, 1 µm, or 500 nm were fabricated using a combination of molding and genipin crosslinking of gelatin

• . The stability of the different gelatin patterns could be controlled by the degree of genipin crosslinking. The gelatin patterns at 20 mM concentration of genipin and 41% crosslinking maintained a stable, patterned shape for at least 14 days in a cell culture medium. A cell morphology study showed that

• . Thus, gelatin surfaces patterned using genipin crosslinking are now an available option for biocompatible material patterning. Keywords: cell attachment; cell proliferation; dental implants; gelatin; genipin; nanopatterning; Introduction Topography on the micro- and nanoscale is an important property

Heterostuctures of 4-(chloromethyl)phenyltrichlorosilane and 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine prepared on Si(111) using particle lithography: Nanoscale characterization of the main steps of nanopatterning

• Phillip C. Chambers and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1211–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.112

• nanodots. Proposed model for constructing heterostructures of CMPS and H2TPyP The reaction for producing CMPS nanodots is driven by hydrolysis and condensation reactions that promote the vertical growth of CMPS through crosslinking siloxane bonds [40]. We did not observe evidence of branching or growth in

Single-step process to improve the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube yarn

• Maria Cecilia Evora,
• Xinyi Lu,
• Nitilaksha Hiremath,
• Nam-Goo Kang,
• Kunlun Hong,
• Roberto Uribe,
• Gajanan Bhat and
• Jimmy Mays

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 545–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.52

• ± 68.4 MPa) by more than 75% and the modulus (21.5 ± 0.6 GPa) by more than 144% as compared to untreated CNT yarn (strength 251 ± 26.5 MPa and modulus 8.8 ± 1.2 GPa). Keywords: carbon nanotube yarns; crosslinking; electron beam; grafting; Introduction Due to their exceptional mechanical, thermal, and

• . Covalent bonding among the tubes can be obtained via simultaneous functionalization and crosslinking [19]. Possible strategies for enhancing the friction between CNTs include modifying CNT surfaces through physical processes (e.g., condensing the tubes under high pressure) [16], chemical processes [20][21

• crosslinking by introducing junctions between polymer chains and transform a linear polymer into a three dimensional molecule. In general, these junctions may be responsible for the improvement of mechanical properties [29]. In this study, we investigated the morphology and mechanical properties of multiwalled

Liquid-crystalline nanoarchitectures for tissue engineering

• Baeckkyoung Sung and
• Min-Ho Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 205–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.22

• induced 2D and 3D aligned cell growth in response to the lamellar molecular structure of LCE matrices, with tunable porosity and crosslinking density [99][100][101]. In addition, the 3D anisotropic cell scaffolds can be fabricated by using nematic LCE microspheres as building blocks by tuning elastic

Vapor-based polymers: from films to nanostructures

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2219–2220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.221

• thin films via initiated chemical vapor deposition and the impact of crosslinking on the mechanical and chemical stability [14]. Vapor-based techniques can also be used to create chemically or topographically structured coatings on various substrates, which is of interest for example in the development

Enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties of continuous-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites with stacked graphene

• Naum Naveh,
• Olga Shepelev and
• Samuel Kenig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1909–1918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.191

• value. Increase in DMA storage moduli and stress at yield was noticed when FG was treated with TETA hardener. Further crosslinking at the interphase may take place when testing at high temperatures, explaining the higher modulus at 100 °C. Fine tuning of the epoxy composition at the interphase may turn

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• nanospheres were first fabricated by Kowaleski et al. [31] via successive shell crosslinking, oxidization and carbonization of the micelles resulting from the self-assembly of PAN-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) block copolymer in water. The crosslinked shell can retain the micelle structure during the heat

• , cyclization, and so on, occur during the heat treatment of PAN. As the size of the PAN nanoparticles decreased to less than 100 nm, the aggregations between PAN nanoparticles as well as the inter-particular crosslinking via cyclization reactions exacerbate during the heat treatment, resulting in serious

Application of visible-light photosensitization to form alkyl-radical-derived thin films on gold

• Rashanique D. Quarels,
• Xianglin Zhai,
• Neepa Kuruppu,
• Jenny K. Hedlund,
• Ashley A. Ellsworth,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Jayne C. Garno and
• Justin R. Ragains

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1863–1877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.187

• to generate Au–C bonds at the surface [3][4][5][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28], adsorption of RH to the surface, and crosslinking of radicals at the surface [42][43][44]. While this approach to alkyl radical formation has been exploited in the synthesis of small organic molecules [35][36][37][38][39

• , the film is robust possibly due to strong attachment or crosslinking. A control experiment was conducted to examine the outcome of thin film deposition in the absence of the photosensitizer Ru(bpy)3Cl2. The sample exhibits spontaneous surface attachment of components of the mixture on gold (Figure 3a

• number of possibilities exist. Crosslinking of loosely attached spin-cast alkane films to generate mechanically robust films has been induced by the formation of carbon-centered radicals upon bombardment with hydrogen atoms [42] and protons [43] while the crosslinking of liquid alkanes has been

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

• İlknur Gergin,
• Ezgi Ismar and
• A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

• stabilization reactions for PAN were reported [12]. Oxidative stabilization reactions mainly consist of dehydrogenations and cyclizations, i.e., cyclization of nitrile groups (C≡N) and crosslinking of chain molecules in the form of –C=N–C=N–. Moreover, this stabilization process depends on pyrolysis temperature

A nanocomplex of C₆₀ fullerene with cisplatin: design, characterization and toxicity

• Svitlana Prylutska,
• Svitlana Politenkova,
• Kateryna Afanasieva,
• Volodymyr Korolovych,
• Kateryna Bogutska,
• Andriy Sivolob,
• Larysa Skivka,
• Maxim Evstigneev,
• Viktor Kostjukov,
• Yuriy Prylutskyy and
• Uwe Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1494–1501, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.149

• mechanism of Cis action. After penetration into cell nuclei Cis may induce coordinate bonds between Pt and guanine bases in DNA that leads to intra- and inter-strand crosslinking. In addition, Cis interaction with nuclear proteins induces DNA–protein crosslinking. After cell lysis these crosslinks remain in

Micro- and nano-surface structures based on vapor-deposited polymers

• Hsien-Yeh Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1366–1374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.138

• contained distinct N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester and benzoyl functionalities. The copolymer provided accessibility to the NHS ester–amine coupling reaction and the photochemically induced benzophenone crosslinking reaction. These reactions were confined in selected areas using a combination of μCP and a

Miniemulsion copolymerization of (meth)acrylates in the presence of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for reinforced coating applications

• Bertha T. Pérez-Martínez,
• Lorena Farías-Cepeda,
• Víctor M. Ovando-Medina,
• José M. Asua,
• Lucero Rosales-Marines and
• Radmila Tomovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1328–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.134

• situ composites in the high temperature region suggest the formation of 3D networks of the filler within the polymer matrix and significant crosslinking between the both phases [18]. In order to gain deeper insight into the reinforcement effect of the MWCNTs in these composites, stress–strain testing

Carbon nanomaterials sensitize prostate cancer cells to docetaxel and mitomycin C via induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation

• Kati Erdmann,
• Jessica Ringel,
• Silke Hampel,
• Manfred P. Wirth and
• Susanne Fuessel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1307–1317, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.132

• cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis via DNA crosslinking. The present study investigated the influence of CNFs and CNTs co-exposed with DTX and MMC on cellular function of PCa cells in comparison to the individual effects. Results Effect on cellular viability First, the influence of carbon nanomaterials

Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1250–1256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.126

• , condensable species into the gas feed mixture ensures phase separation simultaneously with the polymerization and crosslinking reactions. The porogen is removed in a post-deposition process using vacuum or solvent treatment. Gupta and co-workers demonstrated that in the iCVD process the monomer itself can act

Recombinant DNA technology and click chemistry: a powerful combination for generating a hybrid elastin-like-statherin hydrogel to control calcium phosphate mineralization

• Mohamed Hamed Misbah,
• Mercedes Santos,
• Luis Quintanilla,
• Christina Günter,
• Matilde Alonso,
• Andreas Taubert and
• José Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 772–783, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.80

• described. Thus, two different hydroxyapatite morphologies (cauliflower- and plate-like) have been formed. Overall, this study shows that crosslinking elastin-like recombinamers leads to interesting matrix materials for the generation of calcium phosphate composites with potential applications as

• subsequently be synthesized by covalently crosslinking the monomer chains via these azide and cyclooctyne groups by means of a Huisgen [2 + 3] cycloaddition (“click” reaction). Most of the work performed on ELRs combined with SNA15 is about studying their behavior in vitro studies [31][32][33][34]. For example

• chemistry to synthesize well-formed and cross-linked hydrogels. Crosslinking of hybrid elastin-like-SNA15 chains bearing lysine as amino acid was achieved by means of a Huisgen [2 + 3] cycloaddition. Two ELRs were used to produce hydrogels: one is based on a simple ELR chain with no specific moiety and the

Chitosan-based nanoparticles for improved anticancer efficacy and bioavailability of mifepristone

• Huijuan Zhang,
• Fuqiang Wu,
• Yazhen Li,
• Xiping Yang,
• Jiamei Huang,
• Tingting Lv,
• Yingying Zhang,
• Jianzhong Chen,
• Haijun Chen,
• Yu Gao,
• Guannan Liu and
• Lee Jia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1861–1870, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.178

• crosslinking agent for controlled drug release of CNs. In vitro anticancer effects The cytotoxicity of the MCNs was tested in four different cancer cell lines A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma), Hela (human cervical epithelioid carcinoma), RL95-2 (human endometrial carcinoma), and HepG2 (human liver

Numerical investigation of depth profiling capabilities of helium and neon ions in ion microscopy

• Patrick Philipp,
• Lukasz Rzeznik and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1749–1760, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.168

• polymer sample. The ion beam induces chemical and structural modifications in the polymers, chain scission and bond breaking as well as crosslinking depending on the chemical composition and the structure of the polymer chain [7]. In general, heterocyclic groups are more resistant to electron excitation

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• model for coordination of the iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO-oMWCNT#Lamanna) [37]. This model was obtained by ligand exchange of SPIO–fatty acid salts to the acidic surface of the oMWCNT. Covalent bonding, presented by Chen, was also done by dehydrating crosslinking [40]. First, SPIO was bonded to the

• conditions [34]. The so-obtained hybrids were further wrapped with anionic polyelectrolyte polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) and then with cationic polyethylenimine (PEI). A modification of this hybrid, PEI/PSS/SPIO/oMWCNT#Yin, was additionally synthesized by covalent carboxylic-amine crosslinking with folic acid