Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• therapeutic outcomes [3][5]. Namely, current research on NLs predominantly focuses on their physicochemical characteristics and efficiency, but minimal attention has been given to understanding the nano–bio interactions at organ and cellular levels. When exposed to biological fluids, nanodelivery systems like

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• textile) and their relative weaknesses and then discusses the threats, which depend on the environment in which the artwork is located (outdoor or indoor). This review article also aims to provide scholars and conservators with a comprehensive overview of current solutions, serving as a foundation for

• importantly, electrochemical tests showed an impedance significantly higher than other coatings, and a corrosion current (icorr) value two orders of magnitude lower than that of control coatings, confirming excellent anticorrosion performance. In addition, in UV aging tests, the coating maintained stability

Microscopic study of the intermediate mixed state in intertype superconductors

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander V. Kalashnikov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin and
• Alexei Vagov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 57–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.5

• . The current density j, defined on the links between neighboring sites i and j, is given by where the Peierls phase in tij ensures coupling to the magnetic field. The coupled system of Equation 3–Equation 6 is solved self-consistently using an iterative algorithm developed in [28][30]. The calculations

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• and thickness were determined with scanning electron microscopy imaging. This paper also reveals electrical and electrochemical properties of the material. The conductivity of the material obtained at 800 °C reached ≈70 S/cm, and the discharge capacity reached ≈160 mAh/g at 100 mA/g current density

• , that is, rGO as conductive support, was presented by Thangappan et al. for nanostructured MoS2 in supercapacitor electrodes [12]. Another application of graphene materials is current collectors for both anode and cathode based on CVD-grown graphene foam, as described by Li et al., who reported lithium

• -ion batteries with Li4T5O12 and LiFePO4 active materials for the electrodes [13]. Chen et al. described current collectors based on rGO films [14]. Reduced graphene oxide finds further use in sodium-ion composite cathode materials as a conduction-improving agent with Prussian white as the active

Competitive helical bands and highly efficient diode effect in F/S/TI/S/F hybrid structures

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Irina V. Bobkova,
• Pavel M. Marychev,
• Vasiliy S. Stolyarov,
• Vyacheslav M. Silkin and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 15–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.2

• employed as a way to detect the spin–orbital coupling (SOC) type of the material [72]. Typically, such devices require three ingredients for achieving the nonreciprocity of the critical current, including lack of inversion and time-reversal symmetries and the presence of the superconducting order parameter

• ferromagnetic exchange fields of the two F/S regions are oriented in opposite directions. Misalignment of the exchange fields leads to the competition of the two separate helical bands in the superconducting regions in their contribution to the critical current nonreciprocity (Figure 1). Quasiclassical Theory

• the same in the whole system. Obviously, this is not the case if L ≫ ξ because, in this case, the Josephson coupling between the S1 and S2 leads is absent, and they do not “feel” each other. In each lead, a distinct phase gradient q1,2 = −2hi/α is established to satisfy the zero spontaneous current

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• × 10−7 mbar. Ar was introduced as a sputtering gas, keeping a constant flow rate of 40 sccm. Sputtering was carried out at a constant current of 200 mA (≈70 W) applied to the target. The sputtered atoms start to form NPs and to grow in the aggregation zone, where the aggregation length was adjusted to

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• influence of array geometry, the presence of a matched load at the nonradiating edge, and the magnitude of the tunneling current density of Josephson junctions on such oscillator characteristics as radiation power, linewidth, and operating range are discussed. Various options are suggested for further

• junctions have ultimate characteristics unreachable to devices based on other principles [1][2][3]. The unique nonlinearity of the current–voltage characteristic (IVC) near the gap voltage of the junction enables the gain of the intermediate frequency (IF) signal after mixing with the radiation from the

• ]. Nontheless, the use of Nb alloys will only partially solve the problem of high-frequency generation due to high surface losses in NbN and NbTiN [18][25][26]. Note that the use of Nb–Al/AlN–NbN allows for the fabrication of tunnel junctions with a tunnel current density of up to 100 kA/cm2 with a quality

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• PP3010. The gel sample underwent 5 min of etching via sublimation at −100 °C followed by sputtering in an argon environment using platinum for 60 s at a current of 10 mA. Once coated, the shuttle was transferred to the cryo-stage in the SEM chamber and maintained at −170 °C. Finally, the microstructure

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• a decay characterized by a power law with a dimensionality-dependent exponent. Here, we extend the current understanding of the proximity effect by exploring the role of normal metal–superconductor (NS) junction geometry in altering the spatial propagation of the superconducting order. Specifically

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• Tian Qiao Ming Lee Tang Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States current address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, United States 10.3762/bjnano.16.154 Abstract

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• significant health implications of VB12 deficiency. Traditional methods for VB12 analysis, such as high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, are often troublesome and time-consuming, and require high-tech laboratory setups. The current overview highlights the latest optical

• use, affordability, and enhanced performance [29][30]. The current study critically reviews the newest findings on the mechanisms and designing principles of different optical sensing systems for sensitive and selective detection of VB12 in various media and real-world samples. Present limitations and

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• -established magnetic metamaterial element whose resonant properties are governed by its internal inductance and capacitance, allowing for a strong magnetic response and associated current loops at the designed resonance frequency. The simulations of the metamaterial arrays were performed in the time-domain

• resistance of the structure at the operating point and increases the current noise contribution of the readout amplifier [17][22]. Furthermore, a larger number of elements increases the fabrication complexity. Crucially, nearly doubling the number of elements (from 19 to 37) does not produce a proportional

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• obtained in a Helios NanoLab 450S dual beam microscope (FEI NL/Thermo Fisher Scientific). SEM images were obtained of dimanno-AuNPs and PEG AuNPs at 5 kV with 50 pA current in high-vacuum mode. The core diameter of single particles was manually counted with ImageJ (NIH, https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/). The

• number of particles was expressed as n, and the data were displayed as the mean ± SD. Totals of 378 particles for the dimanno-AuNPs and of 491 for the PEG AuNPs were counted. STEM acquisition was achieved in high vacuum at 30 keV and 50 pA current on negatively stained dimanno-AuNPs samples. For the

Hartree–Fock interaction in superconducting condensate fractals

• Edward G. Nikonov,
• Yajiang Chen,
• Mauro M. Doria and
• Arkady A. Shanenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2177–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.150

• , the summation in Δ(i) is limited to the states in the Debye window around the Fermi level, that is, 0 ≤ εν ≤ ℏωD. However, in the current study, we assume that ℏωD is much larger than the half-bandwidth. This assumption renders the Debye energy constraint ineffective as all solutions of the Bogoliubov

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• leadership at various levels believes that conventional materials are already fulfilling current demands; thus, they see no need to engage with the complexities of adopting entirely new technologies/materials. These officials, even within universities/research organizations, may appreciate research output in

• by reducing trial-and-error paths. (8) Nanotechnology deployment must embed principles of sustainability and circular economy. Designing recyclable nanomaterials, minimizing energy-intensive synthesis, and developing green manufacturing processes will be game changers. Conclusion In the current era

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• anthropogenic pressures result in distinct pathways of contamination with microplastics (MPs). MP contamination is currently a problem of global proportions impacting freshwater, oceanic, and terrestrial ecosystems. Although initial studies primarily addressed oceanic ecosystems, current studies show the

• development of portable, low-cost systems for nanoscale analysis is a significant field of future studies [34]. 5 Remediation techniques 5.1 Overview of current technologies for microplastic removal Various physical, chemical, and biological methods are employed with the hope of effectively removing MPs from

• required. Future research needs to include the transport and fate of MPs in extreme ecosystems, their synergistic impacts with other pollutants, and their long-term effects on biodiversity and human health. 8 Policy frameworks and management strategies for MP pollution 8.1 Current policies addressing MP

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• perpendicular to the layers in the stacking direction. We compared the decay of the current with the number of layers and evaluated the ability of h-BN to filter currents as a material coating. To investigate the effect of disorder, we included two major defects in the graphene lattice, namely, nitrogen doping

• , N-doped multilayer nanoscale graphene, Stone–Wales-defective multilayer nanoscale graphene, h-BN, and Stone–Wales-defective h-BN allowed us to understand the currents at the nanoscale and the chemical and structural control over the electron transport. The slopes of the current decay with thickness

• [22]. The electron tunneling through ultrathin h-BN crystalline barriers was investigated recently with experimental techniques showing exponential decay of the current with the number of layers [23]. Accurate density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated the bandgap change in one to eight

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• and current best practices in nanocarrier formulation [29]. The application of experimental design in microemulsion development is well established, with several studies employing DoE strategies to obtain and optimize microemulsified systems, particularly for topical use [30][31][32][33][34]. The

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• regarding toxicity and regulatory hurdles remain major barriers to clinical translation. Current research is therefore focused on standardizing CNM synthesis and characterisation methods, minimizing toxicity, and facilitating regulatory approval. Despite these challenges, CNMs hold substantial promise for

• rapid pace of discovery and innovation in the field. For instance, CDs are not well-defined due to a high variation in structural composition, the nomenclature of which is a current point of debate [46]. Moreover, there is a lack of publicly available, centralised databases on nanocarriers, leading

• researchers to rely heavily on review articles that quickly become outdated, cannot be maintained, and are often non-comprehensive. Efforts are underway to improve the current standards in nomenclature and classification; several organisations, such as the ISO and the American Society for Testing and

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• iterations per load step (niter). This observation holds for our current simulations as well. Different choices of niter between one and ten are explored in Supporting Information File 1. Our choice of niter = 10 is large enough for agreement between pre-detachment forces in different domains, while

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• transport, and macro-to-mesoporous materials are more frequently used for chromatography [57], we concentrate on aerogels in our current study. An aerogel prepared from 1,3-bis(triisopropoxysilyl)thiophenol is presented here for the first time. The relevant characterization data are shown in Supporting

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• biomaterials, recent decades have seen intensive research into novel therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine [1][2][3][4]. Within this scenario, a pivotal current strategy in formulation development focuses on integrating nanocarriers with nanoscale three-dimensional biomaterials, enabling major

• ° (2θ), and Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å) with a voltage of 40 kV and a current of 30 mA. The degree of crystallinity (Xc%) of each sample was calculated from the diffractogram using Equation 2 (Madsen et al., 2011) [72]. The areas of the peaks in the diffractograms were determined using OriginPro 8.5

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• demonstrated as a clean, simple, and versatile NP synthesis method. However, the conditions of NP formation and growth are favouring the production of spherical NPs. There are fewer studies of shape control during laser ablation. With that in mind, this perspective article represents a view on the current

• of their impact on the conditions for anisotropic NP formation and growth. The description of the methods developed for the control over nanomaterial morphology is summarized by the vision of the current challenges and development routes of laser ablation in liquids. Keywords: laser ablation in

• . Combining both top-down and bottom-up strategies, laser-assisted methods are demonstrating the prospects to become a versatile nanoscale manufacturing strategy based on clean, sustainable, and large-scale approach applicable to a broad range of nanomaterials [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The current

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• stiffness demonstrate that existing models cannot capture the physics of this problem. While concrete solutions to use analytical models to interpret CR-AFM data have not been found, a possible solution may include revisiting the analytical model to capture a potentially more complex system than the current

• had not been previously captured in the literature. Our study also shows that the current model used to describe CR-AFM experiments may not be complex enough to capture the physical experiment. However, choosing the cantilever stiffness knowing in advance what the expected material stiffness is may