Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• –liquid interfaces and is particularly relevant for battery research. Corrosion Nanometer-thin and spontaneously formed oxide layers, also known as passive films, play a crucial role in the corrosion resistance of many advanced alloys. The current knowledge of the passive films’ structure and composition

• breakdown behavior observed in Cr-containing alloys, where Cr6+ dissolution occurs at high anodic potentials, compromising the integrity of the passive layer. However, in this case, Cr6+ dissolution was not observed. Furthermore, at high current densities, the OER contributes to the localized acidification

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• technological progress and, at the same time, revealing current limitations, future directions, and perspectives for the development of effective and scalable therapeutic strategies. Methods In this patent review, the free online databases of the European Patent Office (EPO) and the World Intellectual Property

• dating back to the early 2000s that describe the application of nanoparticles in cancer treatment [34]. In contrast, other technologies such as nanovaccines and nanocapsules are relatively recent developments, which may account for their lower representation in the current patent landscape [35

• used as therapeutic agents to treat diseases and maintain health and wellness [42]. In recent years, treatments involving natural products have seen significant growth in academia. Historically, natural products have made up 23.5% of approved medicines over the past 40 years. However, current

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• evaluation. Current sampling and pre-processing methods face limitations such as complexity, inconsistent outputs, and time inefficiency, which intelligent sampling tools and cloud-based platforms aim to overcome through real-time optimization. Automated systems will enhance reagent selection and streamline

Few-photon microwave fields for superconducting transmon-based qudit control

• Irina A. Solovykh,
• Andrey V. Pashchenko,
• Natalya A. Maleeva,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Olga V. Tikhonova and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1580–1591, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.112

• ) and the phase on the JJ/(interferometer) are quantized as follows: where charge energy EC = e2/2CB and Josephson energy EJ = (Φ0Ic)/2π are used (Ic is the critical current flowing through the Josephson junction). The Hamiltonian for the transmon part of our system can be written in the following form

• JJ system will interact directly with the current (magnetic field) in the cavity, and the coupling strength will change from to , where α is a fine structure constant. This case corresponds to the so-called “ultrastrong coupling regime” [50][51], which is beyond the scope of this article. Later, it

• regulated by the interferometric arm asymmetry, and the values of EJ determine the magnitude of the critical current and the area of each JJ: Ic1 ≈ 39.44 nA, S1 = 200 × 197 nm2, Ic2 ≈ 22.21 nA, and S2 = 149 × 149 nm2, with the usual critical current density of j = 1 μA·μm−2. The frequency of the resonator

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• controlled film thickness of 1.5–4.5 μm, on concurrently activated carbon cloth substrates. The composite film exhibited a high efficiency towards removal of rhodamine B and sulfosalicylic acid in water under UV light illumination, mainly thanks to the highly adsorptive substrate [16]. In the current

• dosing, particularly for high pollutant loads (e.g., 100–200 ppm OFL), where excess H2O2 initially suppresses degradation until sufficient radicals are generated. In the current investigation, we note that H2O2 beyond a critical concentration may be necessary to generate sufficient OH• radicals for

• is insignificant in the current investigation. OFL may be compromised by those reactive species (Equations 12–14). The potential photocatalytic degradation mechanisms of OFL are thus delineated as follows and demonstrated schematically in Figure 8b. The effects of the substrate with high adsorption

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• : where Nstep is the previously performed number of time steps; Ek(Δt) and Mk(Δt) are magnetic energy and magnetization modulus at the current time step; ⟨E⟩(Δt) and ⟨M⟩(Δt) are average values of the considered parameters over the entire time period. The deviations of the magnetic parameters from Equation

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• plugs, ~100 nm). The fabricated single unit of n-channel MOSFETs exhibits on/off current ratios exceeding 107 and field-effect mobilities up to 680 cm2·V−1·s−1 [80]. This approach is considered key for realizing the high-density integration and mass production of bioresorbable systems. Looking beyond

• bioresorbable electronics. If these technological challenges can be addressed, bioresorbable electronics are expected to evolve beyond the current paradigm of single-use, time-dependent devices into intelligent, autonomous systems capable of real-time self-assessment and self-regulated degradation. By

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• the nanometer range and different morphologies is continuously growing. One aspect of current studies is further improvement of the properties and performance of the developed silicon-based devices. As a result, crystalline films based on silicon [1][2] as well as nano-sized silicon materials have

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala Pooja Raveendran Nair Jithin Kundalam Kadavath Bindu Krishnan David Avellaneda Avellaneda M. R. Anantharaman Sadasivan Shaji Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, México Current

• careful control of several factors, such as particle surface charge, the electrical and fluid properties of the suspension, electrode material selection, and the current–voltage parameters. Additionally, it is a cost-effective, environmentally friendly method due to its low energy requirements and minimal

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• AgNPrs with approximately double the original edge length [16][17]. In the current study, the high precursor concentration (1 mM AgNO3) likely promoted frequent interparticle collisions. Initially, AgNPrs formed via mechanism 1 and grew to approximately 40 nm in size. Subsequently, these smaller AgNPrs

• SERS activity compared to AgNPs (seeds). The measurements were performed under identical experimental conditions, including fixed laser polarization, to ensure consistency and the current comparison is intended to be qualitative in nature. The enhancement factor (EF) was calculated using Equation 3 [23

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• provide critical insights into the current state and future directions of biochar's application in addressing MP pollution. Review Research methodology and analytical framework Data collection and processing The study employed bibliometric analysis using CiteSpace to examine publication trends and

• systematically reviewed, categorized, and analyzed using bibliometric software. Data visualization facilitated the identification of research trends and relationships among publications, contributing to a clearer understanding of the field’s progression. Current status and thematic analysis Bibliometric analysis

• concentration of 0.2 g/L [70]. The integration of such mechanisms underscores the effectiveness of MBC and MBC-Zn in treating high-concentration PS systems. For PE, current studies reveal high removal efficiencies of about 92–94% for both large microbeads (2–3 mm) and fine particles (10 µm) by BC [47]. For

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• testing with glucose and dopamine demonstrate limits of detection of 30 nM and 0.01 mM, respectively. The R-squared values for peak current versus concentration are 0.985 and 0.994, indicating strong linear correlations. These nanoscale electrodes hold great promise for single-cell biosensing applications

• 0.25 to 30 μM (Figure 3b). Peak current dependence on the dopamine concentration is depicted by the logarithmic fit in Figure 3c, which may indicate the dopamine detection is an adsorption-controlled system, considering the surface area of our electrode, the concentration of dopamine, and the slow scan

• selected for peak current calculation. Considering the normal range of glucose concentration in human blood ranges from 3.5 to 5.5 mM, the maximum glucose concentration was set to be 10 mM. Cyclic voltammetry testing shows a linear relationship between glucose concentration and peak current, ranging from

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• results [4][5][6][7]. STS measurements are the result of an integration over the available density of states (DOS) in both the tip and the sample, with the current measured therefore being proportional to the convolution of two. To isolate the DOS of the sample, it is crucial that the tip has a nominally

• for 30 min, measuring a drain current of ≈7.0 μA, before annealing at 500 °C for 30 min and then placed into the scan head for imaging. Platinum–iridium STM tips were used throughout this work and were prepared by standard STM methods (voltage pulses, controlled contacts with the sample) until good

• the tip–sample distance constant throughout the spectroscopy measurement. The voltage is then swept through a range of values whilst measuring the current, which is obtained as a function of the varying voltage, I(V). This curve can then be differentiated with respect to the voltage to obtain the

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• targets, discuss current advancements in encapsulation methods, and examine the efficacy of encapsulated metalloantibiotics. Finally, we consider the challenges and future directions for the integration of metalloantibiotic-loaded carriers in the fight against antibiotic-resistant infections. Keywords

• in discovering new active antimicrobial compounds, as the current pipeline is incapable of addressing the urgency of this issue [8]. This concern has also been echoed in recent analyses evaluating AMR trends and antibiotic development strategies [9]. Most of the antibiotics currently in clinical

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• to high disability and mortality, and the exact mechanisms are still unclear. Current chemotherapy faces challenges, including non-specificity, toxicity to healthy cells, the development of stem-like cells, and the progression of multidrug resistance [1]. Drug resistance is a major obstacle in cancer

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• the performance comparable to the current state-of-the-art models [28]. Expanding the dataset to include more diverse video quality and nanotube localization can lead to more stable models [29]. Moreover, replacing computationally demanding models like Mask-RCNN with smaller models could enhance

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• wavelength remains not fully understood, despite numerous studies on this topic. The most puzzling aspect of our current results is the decrease in the periodicity of LIPSS after irradiation with wavelengths beyond 2000 nm. Further experiments and theoretical studies are necessary to develop a precise model

• by the scanning range of the instruments, offering a facile method for industrial applications. Our findings revealed that the periodicity of LIPSS increased with the laser wavelength up to 2000 nm, followed by a decrease at 2200 and 2400 nm. Current theories and mechanisms could not explain this

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• Abstract This study investigates the fabrication of BiVO4 photoanodes using a controlled-intensity current electrodeposition method to improve their photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance. The impact of varying the deposition current density and VO(acac)2 concentration was systematically analyzed to

• , representing a significant enhancement compared to the other samples. The surface hole injection efficiency was measured to be 47%, whereas the incident photon-to-current efficiency reached a peak of 18.1% at 420 nm. The applied bias photon-to-current efficiency of BiVO4(326) was also superior to that of the

• samples fabricated with lower current density, highlighting the benefits of the optimized electrodeposition conditions for the former. Keywords: BiOI; BiVO4; electrodeposition; photoelectrochemical water splitting; Introduction In the context of the increasing global energy demand, the development of

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• integrating nature-inspired architectures, these smart, multifunctional biomimetic nanoparticles offer a promising path to overcome current therapeutic challenges and revolutionize precision oncology. Review 1 Types of biomimetic nanoparticles 1.1 Cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles Cell membranes have

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• cosmetic industries. The current major gaps in research regarding these biopackaging materials are their low mechanical strength and the introduction of functional additives to enhance their range of applications. In this paper, a biopackaging material is formulated using polyvinyl alcohol with glycerol as

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• most helpful strategy to minimize possible side effects related to systemic drug administration. This is because, with current technologies, it is possible to perform cutaneous drug release both in a controlled and site-specific manner. The permeability of drugs through the skin depends on the

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• third (output) arm. The latter consists of an inductive element Lout, which generates a magnetic flux Φout = LoutIout when a current Iout flows through it (currents in the input arms are denoted as IA,B in Figure 1). The input signal of the neuron is the magnetic flux Φin, created using a control line

• (it can also be called critical current asymmetry or Josephson inductance asymmetry). Another possible violation involves asymmetry in the input arm inductances with LA ≠ LB. This asymmetry may be referred to as “inductive” or “geometric” as it arises from differences in the shape of the input arms

• subtracting Equation 2–Equation 3. The symmetric case assumes LA = LB = L and IcA = IcB = Ic. The next step is to adopt dimensionless units: the magnetic flux is normalized by Φ0/2π, the current is normalized by the critical current Ic, and the inductance is normalized by the Josephson inductance LJ = Φ0/2πIc

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• Transmission X-ray microscopes (TXMs) are now increasingly used for quantitative analysis of samples, most notably in the spectral analysis of materials. Validating such measurements requires quantitatively accurate models for these microscopes, but current TXM models have only been tested qualitatively. Here

• . In the current study, we continue this effort toward further development of 3D models for TXMs. First, we introduce Mie theory as an alternate approach for light propagation through the sample. Mie theory provides an exact solution to Maxwell’s equations but limited to spheres of known refractive

• then propagated through a beamline about 26 m in length [24], which consists of several mirrors and a plane-grating monochromator that yields highly monochromatic light (E/ΔE ≈ 10000 for the energy of 510 eV used in the current study). This monochromator source is then re-focused and demagnified onto

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• occurred for all coatings. In particular, an increase in ion beam current led to a reduction in crystallite size by approximately 30% compared to coatings prepared by conventional EBE process. The average anatase crystallite size for annealed films was in the range of 30.8 to 43.5 nm. A detailed SEM

• deposition with different values of ion beam current. Additionally, post-process annealing at 800 °C was applied to the fabricated samples in order to study its influence on the coatings’ properties. The literature lacks extensive studies of titanium dioxide thin films deposited by electron beam evaporation

• Energy) DC current (Iibg) and voltage were equal to 3 and 4 A and 80 and 90 V, respectively (samples denoted as S0A, S3A and S4A). Each process lasted 60 min, and the thicknesses of the prepared films, measured with an optical profilometer (Talysurf CCI Lite), were 350, 300, and 200 nm for samples S0A

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• BaTiO3 alone. This difference can be attributed to the polarization of hBNs, which generates an electric current and initiates an interfacial redox reaction that generates ROS [60]. As a result, the ROS% levels in the cells treated with hBNs+US and BaTiO3+US were very close. Following the application of