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Search for "density" in Full Text gives 1670 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110
- particle; and Tl and Ts are values of the thermodynamic and spin temperatures, respectively [26][27]. The potential of the modified embedded atom method [28][29] was based on the electron density functional theory. The magnitude of the potential UMEAM depends on the set of atomic positions, which makes the
- density. When describing the electron density, different types of electron clouds of the atoms under consideration are taken into account, and a sufficiently large set of potential parameters is involved, which makes MEAM sufficiently accurate and allows it to be used in solving a wide range of atomistic
- -monolayers, the number of nearest neighbors for cobalt atoms sharply decreases. This weakens the exchange interaction that stabilizes the ferromagnetic order. Disruption of lattice periodicity and a high density of defects exacerbate this problem. For these reasons, such studies are not included in this
Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109
- stimulators, and drug delivery vehicles, as well as environmentally benign electronics for soil or aquatic disposal. Despite their potential, key challenges remain in expanding the material set for diverse functionalities, achieving high-density integration for advanced operations, and enabling precise
- identifies three central areas that warrant focused development. First, the expansion of the available materials palette is essential to support diverse electronic functionalities. Second, advancements in high-density integration techniques are required to realize sophisticated, multifunctional devices
- plugs, ~100 nm). The fabricated single unit of n-channel MOSFETs exhibits on/off current ratios exceeding 107 and field-effect mobilities up to 680 cm2·V−1·s−1 [80]. This approach is considered key for realizing the high-density integration and mass production of bioresorbable systems. Looking beyond
Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108
- ablation synthesis of nanomaterials in liquids are still very rare. A typical PLAL experiment uses a Gaussian beam profile, which is known to have a tight focus along both transverse and propagation axes and the highest power density in the beam center. Non-Gaussian beam profiles are characterized by a non
- potential wells and can result in confinement of plasma and CB propagation, CB oscillations, and the reflection of shockwaves [29]. The confinement and reflection effects are known to result in a plasma compression and, consequently, plasma temperature and electron density increase [35][36][37]. A reflected
- shockwave also causes perturbations in the medium, thus, influencing the electron density distribution in the plasma. Furthermore, the confinement of the plasma plume slows down thermalization and cooling of the plasma, changing the conditions for the nucleation and growth of the nanoparticles [37]. The
Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106
- steric hindrance, as well as to deactivation of the amine through withdrawal of electron density. We suspect that the latter is the most important factor affecting the poor reactivity of these dyes, as attempts to perform the EDC/NHS coupling in DMF, DMSO, and EtOH, wherein the dyes are much more soluble
- lineshape for the IONP-CySS/DTT, which suggests the presence of multiple binding sites, resulting in an increased Cy3 packing density, thereby enabling H-aggregate formation. This observation provides evidence that there is successful cleavage of the disulfide bonds, when treated with DTT, resulting in Cy3
- -exposed to bind Cy3-maleimide. We reason that, while the DTT molecule can reach the IONP surface and bind through one of its thiols, the density of DHBA ligands is such that it is not likely that the DTT molecule will fold over and bind to surface Fe through the remaining SH group at the opposite end of
Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104
- characteristics, are influenced by the NP size and crystalline quality (Figure 3b,c). LFL also plays a crucial role in tuning the optical properties of NPs. Laser processing affects the defect density and optical bandgap of the particles, as demonstrated by changes in the optical transmission spectra before and
- parameters, researchers have been able to selectively create and stabilize the desired type and distribution of defects within the electrode materials, leading to improvements in energy density, power density, and cycling stability of electrochemical energy storage devices [88][89][90][91]. Furthermore, LDL
- experimental setup for LDL typically involves a tightly focused laser beam interacting with a liquid precursor or solution. This precise control over the laser parameters, including wavelength, pulse duration, and energy density, allows researchers to carefully tailor the nature and distribution of the
The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102
- increased from 300 to 800 °C [37]. However, [38] reported contrasting trends in commercial corn straw biochar, where increasing thermolysis temperatures led to a significant decrease in surface area from 808.3 to 177.5 m2·g−1, while the bulk density increased from 0.059 to 0.121 g·cm−3. Similarly, biochar
- and surface area, compared to other materials [37]. Biochar produced from carbon-, oxygen- and nitrogen-rich straw at low pyrolysis temperatures retains a large number of functional groups, which enhance charge transfer potential and adsorption stability through increased surface charge density
- illustrates the effectiveness of biochar in counteracting the physical degradation caused by MPs. In terms of soil chemical properties, MPs influence pH, organic matter content, and macronutrient levels, including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). For example, 3–7% low-density polyethylene (LDPE
Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101
- option offers faster and automatic analysis for peak current calculation and improves the result of LoD calculation. Due to the difficulty of measuring the surface area of our electrode, the current was used here rather than current density. Glucose detection by cyclic voltammetry (CV) The 100 mM glucose
Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100
- images, along with high-magnification views, reveal a dense, compact structure indicative of high polymer packing density (Figure 4b). The application of the PDA coating results in uniformly sized, densely packed spheres that adhere uniformly to the CTA membrane’s surface, providing active sites for
Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99
- properties of surfaces and molecules with atomic precision. This opens up the ability to map the local density of states (LDOS) of a sample with high spatial resolution [1][2][3]. Peaks within a map of the LDOS correspond to increases in conductance at specific bias values, revealing the energy levels of key
- results [4][5][6][7]. STS measurements are the result of an integration over the available density of states (DOS) in both the tip and the sample, with the current measured therefore being proportional to the convolution of two. To isolate the DOS of the sample, it is crucial that the tip has a nominally
- “flat” DOS, which is typically achieved by using a purely metallic tip. However, most tips do not demonstrate a perfectly flat local density of states (LDOS) as they have a complex electronic structure governed by the geometry of the metallic cluster at the tip apex [8][9][10][11][12]. Non-metallic
Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98
- bacterial lectins could serve as effective binding sites for glycosylated polymers [49]. Targeted nanoparticles need to be designed with an optimal density of targeting moieties to effectively interact with specific cell surface receptors. Achieving this requires a clear understanding of the ratio between
Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95
- density coherently oscillates, coupled to both media. Usually, LIPSS formation is a multipulse phenomenon, as pulse after pulse create a different roughness on the surface or feedback mechanism to form certain SPP modes. The interference of incoming light with scattering from the SPP modes can lead to the
- unbound electrons within stainless steel oscillate in the presence of an electromagnetic field is known as the plasma frequency. The metallic substance’s electron density and effective electron mass also affect the plasma frequency. where ωp is the plasmonic frequency, ne is the electron density, and me
- is the effective mass of the electron. Stainless steel has a more complex electron density than pure metals because it is composed of a mix of iron, chromium, nickel, and other elements. Stainless steel’s electron density varies depending on the composition and microstructure of the alloy, typically
Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO4 films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94
- Abstract This study investigates the fabrication of BiVO4 photoanodes using a controlled-intensity current electrodeposition method to improve their photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance. The impact of varying the deposition current density and VO(acac)2 concentration was systematically analyzed to
- monoclinic scheelite BiVO4 structure with dominant (121) and (004) peaks. FESEM imaging revealed that the different deposition conditions influenced the surface morphologies of the BiOI and BiVO4 films. Photocurrent density measurements showed that BiVO4(326) achieved 1.2 mA·cm−2 at 1.23 V vs RHE
- samples fabricated with lower current density, highlighting the benefits of the optimized electrodeposition conditions for the former. Keywords: BiOI; BiVO4; electrodeposition; photoelectrochemical water splitting; Introduction In the context of the increasing global energy demand, the development of
Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93
- , quality indicators such as refractive index, solubility in different organic solvents, and relative density showed that the bocaiúva oil used in that study had good purity [35]. Coimbra and Jorge analyzed Acrocomia aculeata oil and found refractive index values similar to those in this study (1.46 ± 0.01
- Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion as a nanotechnological innovative product that enhances the therapeutic value of A. aculeata oil and supports its development as a promising anti-inflammatory agent. Experimental Materials Bocaiúva oil was used as the lipid core (relative density 0.9000, iodine
- nitrogen for 24 h to obtain the solvent-free oil. Physicochemical characterization of Acrocomia aculeata oil Relative density and refractive index of Acrocomia aculeata oil (AAO) were evaluated according to the American Pharmacopoeia [58]. Iodine value, peroxide value, acid value, and saponification index
Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92
- phospholipids and apolipoproteins [55]. Lipoproteins include, among others, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Due to the hydrophobic core and prolonged circulation, they have been used in drug delivery. The lipid core of the lipoprotein tend to load a variety of lipophilic drug
- specific inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate metabolic pathway [58]. The use of statins, drugs that lower plasma lipoprotein levels, has been shown to reduce the risk of certain types of cancer [59][60]. 1.2.1 Low-density lipoprotein
- . The uptake of LDL inside the cells occurs mainly via receptor-mediated endocytosis by a structurally similar receptor family, similar to LDL receptor proteins including LDL receptor-related protein (LRP or megalin), very-low density lipoprotein (vLDL) receptor, and apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (ApoER2
Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88
- to rotenoids and to the CS/TPP–β-CD–rot nanocomposite was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cells were cultured in 96-well plates at a density of 3 × 105 cells/mL. After adherence, the cells were treated with either in natura rotenoids
Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87
- Information Technology, Allahabad, UP-211015, India 10.3762/bjnano.16.87 Abstract Zinc sulfide nanotubes have garnered significant attention as potential candidates for chemical sensing applications owing to their exceptional structural, electronic, and optical properties. In this study, we employed density
- functional theory (DFT) to explore the sensing capabilities of a ZnS (3,3) nanotube (ZnS NT) for detecting chloropicrin (CP, CCl3NO2), a highly toxic gas. To elucidate the sensing mechanism, we systematically analyze the adsorption configurations, Mulliken charge transfer, band structure, density of states
- spectra and optical conductivity peaks, highlight the potential of ZnS NT for designing sensitive and reusable CP gas sensors. Keywords: chemical sensor; chloropicrin (CP); density functional theory; zinc sulfide nanotubes (ZnS NTs); Introduction Chloropicrin (CP), also known as trichloronitromethane
Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86
- . Therefore, the type and density of these MS channels triggered at different threshold values of membrane tension determine the survival capacity of the bacteria under drastic changes in osmotic pressure [16][17][18][19][20]. PA is also known to use other channel proteins to overcome the attack by
Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84
- on density functional theory calculations of binding energies and machine learning algorithms for an efficient catalyst design [15][17][19]. The synthesis of HEA NPs has been realized by many methods, including carbothermal shock synthesis (CTS) [20][21], chemical reduction [22][23], fast-moving bed
Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82
- , Section S13) to determine the nanosphere’s shape, composition, diameter, and density. Both SEM and TEM showed that the nanospheres were indeed roughly spherical and of similar size (Supporting Information File 1, Section S13). Specifically, we measured the diameter of 35 nanospheres by SEM and obtained a
- outlier sizes and shapes that we had also found by TEM. The 3D TXM images thereby enabled a direct comparison of radial intensity profiles for each nanosphere with those predicted by the model calculated for that specific diameter and the density of crystalline gold. For all nine nanospheres we observed a
- predicted radial intensity profiles (Supporting Information File 1, Section S14). The same is true for an error in estimation of the gold density, where we found that to match the data the nanosphere would require a nanosphere density of 60% of that for crystalline gold (Supporting Information File 1
Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO2 coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81
- migration. This can result in much better adhesion of the films to the substrate [11]. In addition, the advantage of using additional ion beam assistance in the EBE processes is an increased packing density of the coatings, making them more resistant to moisture [8][12]. Moreover, the IBAD technique has
- substrates heated to 250 °C, the refractive index was 2.4. Packing density (PD) and porosity (P) of both as-deposited and annealed coatings were determined using the real part of refractive index. Packing density was calculated according to the Clausius–Mossotti relation [60][61]: where ρf and ρb represent
- the film and bulk densities of titania, respectively, while nf and nb denote the refractive indices of the TiO2 coatings and bulk material for amorphous titanium dioxide as 2.449 [43][61][62]. Porosity (P) was calculated based on the Equation 3 [63][64]: The highest packing density (0.87) and the
Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80
- cells were maintained in MEM medium (Sigma-Aldrich, M4655-500ML) with 10% fetal bovine serum, penicillin (100 U·mL−1)/streptomycin (100 μg·mL−1) at 37 °C in 5% CO2. PC12 and HeLa cells were plated at a density of 20,000 cells per well of a 96 well plate (CORNING, 356461) and a PDL-coated 96 well plate
Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78
- ]. Cells at a density of 104 cells/well were seeded in 96-well plates for overnight incubation. Cells were treated with NMs with increasing concentration values (0.25, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 µg/mL) and incubated for 24 h. Then, the Alamar Blue % solution was added to each well to incubate for 3 h at 37 °C and 5
- were taken using an inverted microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany) to observe calcium deposition formation. Cell viability assay for von Kossa staining assay The cell viability assay was performed with Alamar Blue colorimetric assay. Cells at a density of 6 × 103 cells/well were seeded in 24-well plates
Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77
- . At a temperature of 5 °C, the molecules formed islands with a high degree of density. At 40 °C and 10 mN·m−1, a network of separated nanowires was observed. As the surface pressure increased, the separated nanowires exhibited a tendency to come closer together, ultimately forming a nanowire network
- varying compositions. In other words, chemical energy and catalysis can be used to reversibly move functional liquid crystals at the microscale. The chemical fuels’ energy density is significantly higher than that of current batteries, by at least two orders of magnitude, making chemically powered liquid
Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76
- wettability of films based on the nanocomposite is 7 mN·m−1 higher than that of the original PBS (52 versus 45 mN·m−1). This indicates that PBS/CNT_0.5 films will not require additional activation before applying paints, adhesives, or coatings. The addition of CNTs also affects the density of PBS
- . Specifically, with the incorporation of 0.5 wt % CNTs, the density of PBS increases by 1%, and with the addition of 10 wt % CNTs, the density increases by 5%. The results of tensile tests for PBS and PBS/CNT_0.5 samples are presented in Table 4. The tests were performed in both the machine direction (MD) and
- (Bangkok, Thailand), with a density of 1.26 g·cm−3, an MFR (190 °C, 2.16 kg) of 5 g/10 min, a melting point of 115 °C, and a puncture impact resistance of 4 kJ·m−2, was used. Industrial-grade multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), purchased from Nanografi NanoTechnology (NG01IM0101), Ankara, Turkey, with a
Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74
- ablation and fragmentation products with a high defect density, and enhances catalytic activity. In addition, the liquid may also participate in the reaction by electrostatic stabilization [12], formation of gases [16], or chemical interaction with the target to enhance redox reactions or passivating
- ][72][73] utilizes the spatial coherence of X-ray laser pulses such that the fully coherent diffraction pattern of an object is reconstructed by iterative phase retrieval algorithms retrieving the object density. This technique is particularly suited for time-resolved imaging of dynamic processes
- , which show transient states that exist only for femtoseconds. While the initial demonstration used the forward scattered intensity (small-angle X-ray scattering, SAXS) to derive the spatial scattering length distribution (related to material density), an extension enabled reconstructing scattering at
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