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Search for "encapsulation" in Full Text gives 188 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology.
Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91
- ]. Encapsulation strategies, like Pickering emulsions (PEs) stabilized by bio-based particles, address these challenges [37]. Nanocellulose is a promising candidate for stabilizing Pickering emulsions because of its high surface area, nanoscale dimensions, and amphiphilic nature [20]. This not only improves the
- visibly lower. This may be related to the disruption of the crystalline structure of PVA after encapsulation of essential oil. For rBP and rCBP, which also contains NC, a small rise in the XRD signal can be seen at around 18°, which may be from the (110) plane of the Iβ cellulose crystalline phase [32
Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90
- concept on hydrogels, underlining compounds such as chitosan and alginate, and methods used for their preparation. Nanogels, with their attractive features, such as high drug encapsulation and penetration enhancer embedding, are also addressed. Finally, the application of these systems in dermal
- encapsulation of poorly water-soluble drugs and allowing the controlled release of the encapsulated compound [142][144]. These innovations represent a significant advance in the development of multifunctional and biocompatible nanogels, suitable for applications in oncology, gene therapy, and precision medicine
- increased drug encapsulation [195], penetration enhancer embedding [157], stimuli responsiveness, as well as controlled drug release [37]. Due to their unique characteristics, nanogels have also shown promise as site-specific DDSs. Changes in environmental conditions, such as pH [151][199], temperature [197
Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89
- self-assembly of monomers into micelles with a hydrophobic core of polypropylene oxide (PPO) and a hydrophilic corona of polyethylene oxide (PEO), creating an environment suitable for the encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs such as PpIX [15]. These micelles enhance drug solubility, protect against
Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88
- selective toxicity to target organisms, making them a viable alternative for developing new insecticide formulations. Combining these attributes with nanoparticle encapsulation strategies, it is possible to considerably increase the biocidal agent efficacy while reducing the environmental and human health
- encapsulation efficiency is estimated to be ≥99% within the detection limits of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods applied, indicating a highly effective incorporation of the rotenoids into the nanochitosan matrix. In addition to the high encapsulation
- into the chitosan-based nanocomposite and suggest molecular interactions that may contribute to the enhanced stability and bioactivity of the formulation. To complement the physicochemical characterization and confirm the efficiency of rotenoid encapsulation within the nanoparticles, a calibration
Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80
- nanoparticles and nanomicelle encapsulation have been used to disperse them in water [2][3][4][5][6][7]. For example, AlClPc has been loaded into nanoemulsions using castor oil and Cremophor ELP® [5]. ZnPc was dispersed in unilamellar liposomes by a solvent exchange method [7][8], and its photocytotoxicity
A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75
- specifically target cancer cells overexpressing choline transporters and, after encapsulation of the NOPD 2, stimulate NO release through a green-light-triggered photosensitization process. Results and Discussion Design and synthesis Calix[4]arene 1 integrates four choline moieties at the upper rim of the
- cytotoxic effect was observed for any of the tested concentrations up to 6.2 μM. The four choline ligands of 1 are arranged on the same side with respect to the mean molecular plane. Their cationic nature is expected to reduce their steric hindrance, avoiding self-encapsulation in the calixarene cavity and
- absorption of 2 in the region below 350 nm (Figure 4A). The amount of 2 loaded was ca. 40 µM, corresponding to an encapsulation efficiency of ca. 93%. Note that the encapsulation process does not significantly change the hydrodynamic diameter of the supramolecular nanoassembly, which resulted in ca. 150 nm
Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59
Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50
- analysis. APT-loaded SLNs were prepared by the precipitation method and characterized by physicochemical studies including particle size and zeta potential measurements, drug content, encapsulation efficiency and solubility studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron
- encapsulation efficiency The drug content of SLNs formulations ranged from 16.95% ± 0.76% to 96.75% ± 0.24%; the highest APT content was obtained in APT-CD-NP4. The loss of the drug can be attributed to the lyophilization. However, there was no change in color or aggregation observed. Dispersions of lyophilized
- SLN formulations in distilled water exhibited a homogeneous white color. The encapsulation efficacy of the SLNs formulations was in the range of 25.33% ± 0.89% to 80.55% ± 0.15%. A higher content of β-CD in the formulation enhanced the encapsulated amount of APT. The hydrophobic structure of β-CD
Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46
- applications without affecting the structure or bioactivity. The effective encapsulation of STZ was confirmed by FTIR, and the nanofibers showed high cytocompatibility in cell viability tests. STZ was released from nanofibers over 6 h, and its antibacterial activity was demonstrated through the formation of a
Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34
- ) modified with 3-mercaptopropyl amidine and 2-thiolaneimine (Figure 4). This design allowed for stable encapsulation of a LNA-modified gapmer structure with a phosphorothioate linkage backbone targeting the MALAT1 gene. The presence of disulfide cross-links in the micelle core was found to enhance particle
Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28
- positive charge. A peptide, as a model drug, was loaded onto the nanoparticles with an encapsulation efficiency of 58%. The release of the model drug from the delivery system was pH-independent and lasted for 7 days. The periodic acid–Schiff stain assay indicated 69% mucin interaction for the nanoparticles
- , effective encapsulation, pH-responsive release, and enhanced stability. Eudragit RS 100 is a copolymer of ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and a low proportion of methacrylic acid ester with quaternary ammonium groups. It is known for its mucoadhesive properties [16], which are independent of the site
- adhere to the mucosa. The size of the microspheres, from which the drug was released over a period of 24 h, was in the range of 800–900 µm [26]. Although particulate systems with larger sizes could be advantageous in terms of higher encapsulation efficiency and slower release, they would have a reduced
Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23
- , several methods of berberine encapsulation, berberine carrier materials, and berberine microemulsions have also been studied to improve the bioavailability and clinical applicability of berberine [9][13][14][15][16][17]. Although many studies have evaluated the antibacterial activity of berberine, there
Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22
- layering fibers upon fibers through multiple steps, as shown in Figure 6. The functionality of the overall structure depends on the different properties exhibited by each layer. In bioactive encapsulation and controlled release applications, for example, multilayered membranes can be used to regulate the
Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16
- molecule dyes can be modulated by intramolecular rotation or intermolecular interactions [63]. By using nanocarrier encapsulation and self-assembly strategies, the water solubility and stability of organic small molecule dyes can be improved, and photobleaching can be reduced [64]. Materials that undergo
A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2
- , encapsulation of the antidote, acetylcholine hydrolysis, and antidote release. Keywords: acetylcholine; antidote delivery; artificial cholinesterase; atropine; nanocarrier; resorcinarene; Introduction Cholinergic toxicity results from an excessive quantity of acetylcholine (ACh), causing muscle cramps, nausea
- disintegrates the nanocarrier, leading to the release of Atr (Scheme 1). This paper discusses the synthesis of the Atr nanocarrier, its physicochemical and biological properties, the encapsulation of Atr into the nanocarrier cavity, ACh hydrolysis, nanocarrier degradation, and Atr release under the ACh action
- , resulting in the decomposition of the polymer. Fluorescein encapsulation and release under the influence of ACh To verify the degradation of p(Hist-CA) by ACh, fluorescein (Fl) was encapsulated into the nanocarrier cavity. Initially, 5 mg of Fl was dissolved in 15–20 mL of ethanol. Next, 7.3 μL of TO was
Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131
- complexes with liposomal components, enhancing both liposome stability and drug encapsulation. To gain deeper insight into the mechanisms underpinning SO’s potential as an endosomal escape agent, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have emerged as an indispensable computational tool. These simulations
Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127
- advancements nanocarriers have brought to medical sciences, particularly in cancer treatment, several challenges remain for their widespread application. Issues such as cytotoxicity, difficulties in management, encapsulation, and in vivo release pose barriers to the application of nanocarriers [16][17]. In
- nonpermissive characteristics at the barrier [69]. Polymeric nanoparticles, as well as those based on lipids and inorganic materials, are extensively studied for Alzheimer's disease treatment due to their tissue selectivity, potential circulation time, encapsulation capacity, and, importantly, their ability to
Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126
- encapsulation of medical substances. A very important advantage of diaspore mucilages are their antimicrobial properties [105][106][110][111]. Phenolic compounds are secondary plant metabolites, which demonstrate a wide range of structures, from simple molecules to polymeric compounds. They can be produced in
- production of biofilms, encapsulation, or lubricants with medical application [106][110][111][116][117]. Our findings may also help to design pathogen-resistant lubricating biomaterials with low friction, which can be achieved in rather simply way by adding phenolic substances to the medical hydrogels [98
Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118
- . We discuss the obstacles in the conventional delivery of phytochemicals, the fundamental architecture of PLHNPs, and the types of PLHNPs, highlighting their ability to improve encapsulation efficiency, stability, and controlled release of the encapsulated phytochemicals. In addition, the surface
- polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and chitosan (CHS), provides structural integrity, controlled release properties, and protection against premature degradation [14][15]. This hybrid structure improves the encapsulation efficiency of phytochemicals/drugs
- include their small particle size, high encapsulation efficiency, enhanced stability, and improved dissolution in harsh gastrointestinal (GI) fluids. Following oral administration, PLHNPs demonstrate superior intestinal absorption and bioavailability, attributed to their enhanced stability and dissolution
Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113
- opportunity to modify the release profile of the drugs, enhance targeting efficiency, and improve nasal permeation during intranasal administration [21][22][23][24]. In general, the encapsulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into mucoadhesive DDSs can mitigate rapid mucociliary clearance [25
- al. reported the encapsulation of ropinirole hydrochloride (RH), an anti-Parkinson drug, into chitosan-coated PLGA NPs by the nanoprecipitation method to enhance drug delivery through the nasal mucosa. The researchers assessed the mucoadhesive properties by observing the ability of the NPs to adsorb
- showed higher encapsulation efficiency for the positively charged ghrelin at pH 7.4, indicating that the choice of the anionic/cationic liposomes should be based on the desired application as well as the encapsulated substance. Moreover, a chitosan chloride coating increased mucin adsorption by
Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99
- ) and the cross-linker [17]. These materials find wide applications in drug delivery [18] and the encapsulation of nanometals [19][20]. Reduction of metallic ions can be achieved using various agents, including plant extracts [21]. This reduction typically involves two steps, namely, the loading of
Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96
- . Characterizations of the synthesized nanostructures were carried out including zeta potential measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The loading capacity of the nanopolymers for DOX was investigated, and encapsulation and release studies were carried out. In a final
- because of fast filling of the adsorption sites. In conclusion, DOX loading onto the SNPs was accomplished successfully. In previous studies conducted by our group on the carrying capacity of nanostructures, we obtained comparable results [20][24][37]. Encapsulation and release studies of DOX encapsulated
- SNPs The encapsulation and release behaviors of SNPs are extremely important for both efficient delivery and release. To evaluate the release properties of the synthesized SNPs, a PBS solution with a DOX concentration of 5 µM at pH 7.0 was prepared. The methodology for incorporating DOX into SNPs is
Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89
- as an absorption enhancer [51]. The therapeutic potential of curcumin using nanoformulations was reviewed by several researchers, summarizing recent curcumin encapsulation works on various NP platforms (liposomes, solid lipid NPs, micelles, and polymeric NPs) [52][53]. For example, polymeric
- encapsulation of curcumin in the phosphatidylserine nanocarrier improved its in vivo retention time, while free curcumin was quickly cleared from the body. As a consequence of the altered pharmacokinetics of the curcumin nanocarrier, the accumulation of curcumin in the liver was also enhanced, confirming its
Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88
- evaporation, and nanoprecipitation. Advances in alginate-based nanoparticle design have resulted in increased drug encapsulation efficiency, allowing for larger drug payloads within the nanoparticles. Biopolymeric nanoparticles have become the most commonly used nanoparticle DDSs in recent years. The
- their unique characteristics (Table 1), including a surface that easily adheres to the intestinal epithelium, drug encapsulation without the use of organic solvents, good absorption properties, and a low level of toxicity [76]. The adherence to the intestinal epithelium is particularly beneficial for
- drugs that need to be delivered to the gastrointestinal tract, as it ensures maximum absorption and therapeutic efficacy. Drug encapsulation without organic solvents is advantageous because organic solvents can be toxic and pose a risk to patient safety. The nanoparticles have a large surface area-to
Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65
- antibacterial properties is limited due to the encapsulation of certain nanoparticles within the fibers [23]. One of the most common approaches is the introduction of antibiotics. However, with the misuse and/or overuse of these types of drugs, there is the risk of antibiotic resistance (AMR), which is one of
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