Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• application and storage [7]. Nanomaterials have gained significant attention in the development of rhizobacterial carrier materials, as their effective utilization can provide protective benefits to plants, assist in nutrient absorption, and, when in gel form, significantly improve water management efficiency

• cycles consisting of denaturation at 94 °C for 45 s, annealing at 52 °C for 1 min, and elongation at 72 °C for 1 min. After the final cycle, polymerization continued at 72 °C for 5 min. The PCR products were then analyzed by electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel. Visualization was performed under UV light

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• photothermal gel, composed of Au nanorods, geraniol, chitosan, and the gene-targeted drug DC_AC50 can be activated by NIR light. Photothermal activation softens the hydrogel composed of geraniol and chitosan, controlling drug release and facilitating PTT at moderate temperatures, thus yielding exceptional anti

• the migration of LECs and their inflammatory response following photothermal treatment, without causing significant damage to the surrounding healthy tissues (Figure 3f). 3.3 Vitreous turbidity The vitreous is a highly hydrated, transparent gel supported by a network of long and thin collagen fibers

• [118]. Factors such as aging, myopia, or diabetes can lead to the liquefaction of this vitreous gel and the accumulation of collagen fibers, resulting in turbidity that casts shadows on the retina, manifesting as floaters in a patient’s field of vision (Figure 4a) [119][120]. Vitreous opacity can

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• starting products in a large number of reactions. The hydrolysis of various metal alkoxides by pure water, or its mixtures with primarily alcohols or other solvents, are the basis of the sol–gel method to obtain oxide materials. The tendency of metal alkoxides to this reaction can be considered as their

• most important chemical property. For various reasons, the sol–gel method is mainly associated with the hydrolysis of Si(OR)4; this reagent is readily available, inexpensive, and its hydrolysis proceeds relatively smoothly, as discussed in numerous original papers and reviews [29]. However, the

• on the ratio between TiO2 and zeolite [47][48]. Alvarez et al. [47] reported that for TiO2 deposited on mordenite during the TiO2 sol–gel synthesis in a ratio of 75:25, which is close to that in our work (i.e., between 50:50 and 70:30), leads to a noticeable increase in the bandgap (3.47 eV) [47]. It

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• are given in Table 1. Experimental Verification In 2024, a lead-free DPSC was both designed and fabricated. The included LNMO material was synthesized using the sol–gel method. The experimental and simulated J–V curves showed PCEs of 4.5 % and 10%, respectively. For the simulation, TiO2 was used as

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• ’ nanotopography was realised through pore formation during synthesis using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The non-covalent conjugations between nanomaterials and proteins were quantitatively characterised, directly by gel electrophoresis and indirectly by quantifying the amount of unbound protein in the

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• through dialysis for 1.5 h using a 12000 Da pore dialysis bag. The size of p(Hist-CA) is approximately 12 ± 3 nm according to TEM, and it forms aggregates ranging in size from 80 to 150 nm (Figure 1a,b). The molecular weight of p(Hist-CA) was determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The GPC

• indices of p(Hist-CA) (1 mg/mL) and p(Hist-CA) after ACh treatment (4 mM) were analyzed by gel filtration on an Agilent 1260 Infinity chromatography system equipped an OHpak SB-806M HQ (8.0 × 300 mm) column with an OHpak SB-G (6.0 × 50 mm) guard column (Shodex, Japan). The samples were centrifuged prior

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• }-oriented domains exhibits polarization conversion, rotating the angle of linearly polarized light. The overall coloration, resulting from the reflections from many scales, is close to uniformly diffuse because of the random orientation of the domains. Using titania sol–gel chemistry, we produced negative

• of 1.55 to 2.00. The study suggests that the effective refractive index of titania in the 3D lattice is similar to that in sol–gel films. The study demonstrates the potential of replicating complex biophotonic structures using the sol–gel technique. Optimization of the sol–gel process could lead to

• customizable photonic bandgaps that might be used in novel optical materials. Keywords: animal coloration; photonic crystal; polarization conversion; sol–gel replication; weevil; Introduction Animal coloration is produced by means of absorption, scattering, luminescence, and interference. The latter is

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• desired morphology is essential for a given application. Generally, practical techniques for obtaining nanomaterials are sol–gel method, chemical and physical vapour deposition, hydrothermal method, ball milling, grinding, lithography, etching, and laser ablation [14][15][16][17][18]. The morphology

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• . Natural hydrogels share some features with synthetic hydrogels, but are more easy to obtain and recycle. One of the main sources of such hydrogels are mucilaginous seeds and fruits, which produce after hydration a gel-like, transparent capsule, the so-called mucilage envelope. Mucilage serves several

• . Macroscopically observable mucilage is often a transparent, gel-like capsule formed around the diaspore after hydration with water (Figure 1). At the microscale mucilage exhibits, before hydration, successive layers formed by adcrustation in the mucilaginous cells of the seed/fruit coat (the outermost covering of

• tasteless [11][21]. Its chemical composition and special physical properties allow many applications of mucilage, for example, as thickening and structuring (gel-forming) agent, emulsifier or stabiliser for food products, scaffold for tissue regeneration, additive in formation of medicinal tablets, and for

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• reduced the IC50 value against different BC cells. When administered orally to Wistar rats, the THQ-PLHNPs revealed a 4.74-fold increase in bioavailability compared to pure THQ suspension. Trivedi et al. investigated the therapeutic potential of THQ-PLHNPs-based gel to achieve better therapeutic activity

• against BC [101]. The developed THQ-PLHNPs gel showed much higher skin permeation and retention compared to the conventional THQ gel. The THQ-PLHNPs were non-irritant when applied to the skin. Furthermore, the developed gels showed higher antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 and MBD-MB-231 cells than

• HPN dispersion. The developed HPN-cPLHNPs gels showed much better wound healing activity with a significantly higher reduction in wound size after topical application for 14 days in comparison with the conventional HPN gel. Emodin Emodin (EDN) is a natural anthraquinone compound found in various

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• 10.3762/bjnano.15.104 Abstract Although the microwave-assisted sol–gel method is quite frequently used for the preparation of oxide nanostructures, the synergism of the reaction pathways is not fully explained. However, state-of-the-art theoretical and practical results of high novelty can be achieved by

• continuously evaluating the as-synthesized materials. The present paper presents a comparative study of Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by both sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the as-obtained powders were established and correlated with

• preferred for synthesizing oxide nanostructures because of their advantages, such as uniform mixing of precursors at the molecular level, low operating temperatures, and the ability to control the physicochemical properties of the final products [5][6]. Among various chemical techniques, the sol–gel method

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• corona formation in cell culture medium and human plasma To verify the adsorption of proteins on the functionalized SiO2NPs, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) experiment was performed. For this, the nanomaterials (in concentrations of 2 to 5 mg·mL–1) were incubated in

• ) and was repeated four times. Then, Laemmli buffer (1610737, Bio-Rad) containing 50 mM of dithiothreitol (DTT, 1610611, Bio-Rad) was added to the final precipitate, followed by heating at 95 °C for 5 min, and 10 μL of this suspension was applied in a 12% SDS-PAGE gel. The gel was run at a voltage of

• 200 V for 1 h and then the gel was stained with silver nitrate to visualize the bands. PageRuler™ Prestained Protein Ladder (Thermo Scientific) was used as a standard. The DMEM culture medium used for SiO2NP incubation was also added to the gel for comparison purposes. To determine the total protein

Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites

• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Le-Kim-Thuy Nguyen,
• Minh-Trong Tran,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Nguyen Minh Ty,
• T. Ngoc Han Pham,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Tran Thi Huong Giang,
• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99

• electrostatic bonds with multivalent metal cations (such as Ca2+, Ba2+, and Cu2+) to create an extensive gel network in water [15][16]. The cross-linking of saccharide chains within alginate generates macromolecules ranging in size from micrometers to millimeters, resulting in gelispheres insoluble in water

• mg·mL−1) was added to the Alg/Ca2+ gelispheres and stirred for 1 h at 1300 rpm. The resulting GluN/Alg suspension underwent ultrasonication for 30 min and was left overnight to ensure the formation of a stable gel. The resulting nanocomposite mixture was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min and washed

• parameters, the synthesis of AuNPs@GluN/Alg was fine-tuned to determine the optimal conditions. The impact of the mass ratio between metallic ions and GluN/Alg gel was investigated at levels of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% (w/w). The reaction temperature ranged from 30 to 90 °C, while the reaction time varied from

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• result, several researchers are working on alginate to create nanoparticles. One of the most appealing properties of alginate is its capacity to readily form a gel with divalent cations, particularly Ca2+ [31]. Divalent cations create hydrogen bonds with the alginate G residues, resulting in an egg-box

• gel structure. As a result, the viscosity and other mechanical qualities of alginate can be enhanced, allowing for the formation of a hydrogel. The attractive properties of alginate include low cost, abundance, biocompatibility, biodegradability, antibacterial activity, non-toxicity, and the ease to

• properties. Oxidative and sensitive materials are loaded into sodium alginate gel, and the absence and concentration of hydrogen peroxide in water and milk can be analyzed by a colorimetric method [117]. In another work, an alginate hybrid silver magnetite nanocomposite (Fe3O4@AMALG12@Ag) with enhanced

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• PVD, CVD, and sol–gel deposition of NDs on ceramics, together with excellent adhesion of the protective layer [143][144]. Chernysheva et al. [145][146] investigated the production of protective ND layers onto a xenogenic heart valve, evaluating the role of the ND surface potential. A negative surface

Facile synthesis of Fe-based metal–organic frameworks from Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and their application for CO₂/N₂ separation

• Van Nhieu Le,
• Hoai Duc Tran,
• Minh Tien Nguyen,
• Hai Bang Truong,
• Toan Minh Pham and
• Jinsoo Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 897–908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.74

• , yielding 82% and a BET surface area of 2050 m2·g−1 [20]. Since then, various green synthetic routes from ferric nitrate and metallic iron powder have been developed for generating MIL-100(Fe), including low-temperature synthesis [21], solvent-free synthesis [22], and dry gel conversion pathway [23]. It

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• that the scaffolds (6 mm in diameter) shrank during the incubation period on the agar gel, which was also observed in the case of electrospun scaffolds under certain conditions [70]. The specific antibacterial areas were defined (Table 5) by the diameter of the fibrous samples and the inhibition

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• thin films can also be grown from liquid phases, employing techniques such as chemical bath deposition [31][32][33], successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) [34][35][36], sol–gel processes (using dip and spin coating) [37][38][39], as well as spray pyrolysis [40][41][42]. This work

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• lithium-ion storage performance of C-GQDs/α-Fe2O3 composites in lithium batteries presented excellent cyclability and rate capability [19]. Among several chemical approaches for the synthesis of titania, sol–gel processes have been commonly used for practical application. In these sol–gel methods

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• ]. A very recent study reported photothermal effect of gold nanorods of shorter and longer lengths in gel and aqueous media [18]. In recent times, anisotropic nanoparticles due to their unique physicochemical properties have garnered attention among researchers and enabled them to manoeuvre into an

• within the gel matrix since the concentration of AuNMs and AuNRs incorporated into the k-CG hydrogels was the same. Therefore, it can be assumed that AuNMs due to their outward concave growth at the edges provided more surface area and greater stability in k-CG hydrogels, leading to greater photothermal

• suspension were measured for 20 min each. Experimental setup for photothermal response measurement of AuNMs incorporated gel beads For the temperature increase measurement of AuNMs incorporated gel bead samples (powder form), the experiments were performed by using a 20 mg powder placed in 1.5 mL conical

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• through 0.4 μm and 0.2 μm pore size polycarbonate filters using a thermobarrel extruder (Northern Lipids, Inc. BC, Canada). Free ALN was removed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50. Briefly, aliquots of 300 μL of nanovesicles were poured on a 3 mL syringe packed with Sephadex G-50, centrifuged for 5 min at

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• suspended in liquid (i.e., the compounds became an emulsion solution or suspension liquid) or gel form [30]. Deionized water was used as a receptor medium for drug penetration tests [31][32]. To study the in vitro release of DCS in different crystal forms, the reservoir transdermal delivery system was used

Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size

• Felipe Wasem Klein,
• Jean-Roch Huntzinger,
• Vincent Astié,
• Damien Voiry,
• Romain Parret,
• Houssine Makhlouf,
• Sandrine Juillaguet,
• Jean-Manuel Decams,
• Sylvie Contreras,
• Périne Landois,
• Ahmed-Azmi Zahab,
• Jean-Louis Sauvajol and
• Matthieu Paillet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 279–296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.26

Modification of graphene oxide and its effect on properties of natural rubber/graphene oxide nanocomposites

• Nghiem Thi Thuong,
• Le Dinh Quang,
• Vu Quoc Cuong,
• Cao Hong Ha,
• Nguyen Ba Lam and
• Seiichi Kawahara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 168–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.16

• after drying the solution in a heating oven. Vinyltriethoxysilane was used to modify GO [25][32] and it was bonded on the GO surface by the sol–gel method, as shown in Figure 1. Firstly, GO (0.4 g) was thoroughly dispersed in distilled water. After that, VTES (1.8 g) was added to the mixture, followed

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• enhanced tumor accumulation and deeper penetration of nanolipogels (NLGs) [32]. The particles had a phospholipid double layer and except for the softest formulation, their cores were filled with agarose gels of different gel strength values. With this method they were able to prepare nanoparticles with