Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• industry in the development of this technology. There are more than ten processes available to synthesize graphene but only the following five can be reasonably considered in terms of quality and material scalability (Figure 14) [81]: Mechanical exfoliation Chemical exfoliation Chemical exfoliation via

• graphene oxide CVD Synthesis on SiC Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of quality, yield production and applications, as summarized in Table 1. In particular, mechanical exfoliation most likely produces the best samples in terms of charge carrier mobility but is probably

• production of high quality graphene on a large scale. However, a possible application timeline has already appeared in the literature indicating when possible electronic device prototypes could be expected in the future (Figure 15) [81]. Mechanical exfoliation. The mechanical exfoliation method was

Enhanced model for determining the number of graphene layers and their distribution from X-ray diffraction data

• Beti Andonovic,
• Abdulakim Ademi,
• Anita Grozdanov,
• Perica Paunović and
• Aleksandar T. Dimitrov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2113–2122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.216

• attracted great interest in terms of fundamental studies as well as potential applications [2]. To date, several methods have been used to produce high-quality graphene sheets, such as mechanical exfoliation of graphite, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of gases containing carbon atoms on the surface of

Electroburning of few-layer graphene flakes, epitaxial graphene, and turbostratic graphene discs in air and under vacuum

• Andrea Candini,
• Nils Richter,
• Domenica Convertino,
• Camilla Coletti,
• Franck Balestro,
• Wolfgang Wernsdorfer,
• Mathias Kläui and
• Marco Affronte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 711–719, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.72

• first consider the case of few-layer graphene flakes obtained by the mechanical exfoliation technique (see Experimental for more details). A typical flake is shown in the inset of Figure 1a. Several electrical contacts are fabricated on the same sample, leading to a certain number of nearly identical

• optimal working conditions for the different types of device. We believe that these results will contribute to the realization of reliable graphene based electrodes for molecular electronics and spintronics. Experimental Few-layer graphene flakes were deposited by the standard “scotch tape” mechanical

• exfoliation method from natural graphite pieces on top of a p-doped silicon wafer coated with 300 nm of oxide. Flakes of suitable thickness (1 to approx. 20 layers) were located with an optical microscope on the basis of their contrast with the substrate. In some cases, the effective number of layers is also

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms

• Toma Susi,
• Thomas Pichler and
• Paola Ayala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 177–192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.17

• chemical vapor deposition in a high-vacuum system and a triisopropyl borate precursor [182], and the important role of B adhesion to Fe catalyst particles was also highlighted. For boron-doped graphene, successful synthesis recipes range from the mechanical exfoliation of boron-doped graphite [183] to

Highly NO₂ sensitive caesium doped graphene oxide conductometric sensors

• Carlo Piloto,
• Marco Notarianni,
• Mahnaz Shafiei,
• Elena Taran,
• Dilini Galpaya,
• Cheng Yan and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1073–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.120

• processes to make pristine graphene sheets, like chemical vapour deposition, epitaxial growth or mechanical exfoliation [30][31][32][33]. By dispersion and sonication of graphite oxide in aqueous solution or organic solvent, a colloidal suspension of GO sheets is produced. The density of oxygen functional

Micro- and nanoscale electrical characterization of large-area graphene transferred to functional substrates

• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Patrick Fiorenza,
• Raffaella Lo Nigro,
• Fabrizio Roccaforte,
• Cristina Tudisco,
• Guido G. Condorelli,
• Nicolò Piluso,
• Noemi Spartà,
• Stella Lo Verso,
• Corrado Accardi,
• Cristina Tringali,
• Sebastiano Ravesi and
• Filippo Giannazzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 234–242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.24

• flexible organic solar cells [9][10]. Currently, the most used method of graphene production for basic studies is the mechanical exfoliation of graphite [1], which was the first method to obtain graphene under ambient laboratory conditions. This method yields graphene fragments of excellent crystalline