Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and terahertz time domain spectroscopy. These modern approaches enhance both accuracy and efficiency of detection compared to conventional methods. Nonetheless, they often involve complex sample preparation steps, which may result in

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• drying. The P25 loading was ca. 50.0 mg (≈1.0 mg/cm2), nearly the same as that of the TiO2 nanowires on carbon cloth. Characterizations The morphologies were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Zeiss Germany Sigma 300) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies, and the correlation of the NP properties with the laser beam profile was studied. Three different beam profiles were selected, namely, a Bessel beam produced using an axicon, an

• structure of the formed NPs were analyzed by means of ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. Particle size and morphology

• were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a JEOL JEM-2100F (JEOL, USA) operating with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. For TEM and SAED measurements, the NPs were drop-casted onto copper grids covered by carbon film and dried under ambient conditions. Crystalline structure

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• films of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) doped with laser generated Au and Ag NPs were prepared using spin coating on glass substrates. Transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated spherical NPs having sizes in the range of 7–43 nm for Au NPs, and 12–50 nm for Ag NPs. The deposited films had good

• photodetectors, and the film surface coverage was improved by multiple layer depositions and condensation of colloidal suspension. Irregular particle shapes and sizes were visible in 3D atomic force microscopy (AFM) images with sizes ranging between 60 and 80 nm. The NPs agglomerated to form submicroparticles

• thin films was analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Both sets of films exhibited a porous surface with layered structures. However, thin films made from SnS nanocolloids in DMF showed more compact NPs compared to those in IPA. This difference was attributed to the higher

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• ± 20 nm) for various periods of time up to 72 h. The growth mechanism was investigated through ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy analyses, confirming the gradual transformation of spherical seeds into

• nm. Samples were diluted tenfold with deionized water prior to measurement. To determine the morphology, particle size of the synthesized nanostructures, the samples were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Hitachi S-4800, Japan) and transmission electron microscopy

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• , which can manifest as a metallic sheen when they are present on a substrate [47]. Surface alterations of the membranes are documented using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Figure 4). The CTA membrane’s surface appears smooth and uniform, devoid of visible defects (Figure 4a). Cross-sectional SEM

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• Dylan Stewart Barker Adam Sweetman School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom 10.3762/bjnano.16.99 Abstract Atomic resolution scanning probe microscopy, and in particular scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) allows for high-spatial-resolution imaging and

• learning; spectroscopy; scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM); scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS); Introduction Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS) extends the capability of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) beyond topographic imaging, allowing for the direct measurement of the electronic

• . This schema achieved final precision in classification of 84% and a recall of 74%. Similarly to image classification in scanning probe microscopy (SPM) [16][17][18], the availability of such a large amount of data for training is usually very low, making ML-based classifiers troublesome to train. In

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• light scattering (DLS) is commonly used to determine liposome size and size distribution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to image liposome morphology and determine lamellarity. Zeta potential measurements assess the surface charge of liposomes, which

• ]. Different techniques are used to evaluate the characteristics of liposomes [122][123][124]. In the case of average particle size, DLS and microscopy techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), TEM, cryogenic TEM, and AFM are used to determine the size of liposomes [122]. The size of liposomes is

• and allows for the calculation of their hydrodynamic size [110]. Furthermore, microscopy techniques make the size and morphology of liposomes directly visible [110][125]. In particular, cryo-TEM is advantageous because the samples do not need to be stained or fixed, and the natural structure of the

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• Vladimir Pimonov Said Tahir Vincent Jourdain Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France 10.3762/bjnano.16.96 Abstract This study addresses the challenge of analyzing the growth kinetics of carbon nanotubes using in situ homodyne polarization microscopy (HPM) by

• developing an automated deep learning (DL) approach. A Mask-RCNN architecture, enhanced with a ResNet-FPN backbone, was employed to recognize and track individual nanotubes in microscopy videos, significantly improving the efficiency and reproducibility of kinetic data extraction. The method involves a

• can be adapted for other types of in situ microscopy studies, emphasizing the importance of automation in high-throughput data acquisition for research on individual nano-objects. Keywords: carbon nanotubes growth kinetics; deep learning; in situ microscopy; object recognition and tracking

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• observed. By employing cross-sectional electron microscopy, we scrutinize the penetration depth of laser radiation or laser-affected zone, in the LIPSS-formed SS sheets, revealing a parallel trend with LSFL and HSFL spatial periodicity. Specifically, the penetration depth increases with wavelength up to

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• ) was employed to determine the chemical states of each photoanode. All photoanode morphologies were examined using field-emission transmission electron microscopy (FESEM, Hitachi SU8010). Photoelectrochemical measurements PEC experiments were performed in a conventional three-electrode cell using an

• microscopy (FESEM) images highlighted the evolution of the surface morphology under different fabrication conditions. The transition from two-dimensional plate-like BiOI crystals to three-dimensional BiVO4 particles was accompanied by the formation of submicrometer-scale voids, indicative of grain growth and

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• stability, making PE-CEO-infused films promising candidates for biopackaging applications requiring controlled moisture permeability. The surface morphology of the biopackaging materials was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Figure 3). As shown in our previous research, nanocellulose in

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• using a previously validated method, yielding a correlation coefficient R = 0.9973 [20][21]. Transmission electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was carried out using a JEM-1400 microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) with an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. The samples were diluted

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• (control = empty particles; rot = rotenoid-loaded particles). B) Controlled ionic gelation of CS with TPP-β-CD inclusion complex (control and rot). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of chitosan nanocomposites. A) Conventional ionic gelation of CS/TPP. B) Conventional ionic gelation of CS/TPP

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• , S.L.P. México 10.3762/bjnano.16.86 Abstract Nanomechanical maps to test the mechanical response of the outer envelope of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained utilizing atomic force microscopy in force–volume mode in the low range of loading forces when exposed to hypotonic (Milli-Q water), isotonic

• specific molecular agents is critical in generating strategies to control their undesired propagation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful, sensitive technique that scans the surface topography of a sample with an ultra-sharp tip while monitoring the interaction forces between this tip and the

• . Sample preparation for atomic force microscopy For AFM, the sample was initially firmly adhered to a substrate for subsequent scanning, with the tip first used to identify the objects of study on the surface. In this case, PA in suspension was adhered to a solid mica substrate, previously cleaved with

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• in organic solvents (acetone, ethanol, acetonitrile). In a systematic experimental series using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, selected-area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, electron energy

• heterogeneous catalysts or magnets. In that context, the outstanding temperature stability up to 375 °C (differential scanning calorimetry) or 500 °C (transmission electron microscopy) may motivate future application-relevant work. Keywords: amorphous; cantor alloy; compositionally complex alloy; complex solid

• . Nanoparticle characterization is done by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), complemented by tempering and laser post

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• shows deep learning models to be superior for super-resolution tasks and enables significant reduction in AFM measurement time, whereby low-pixel-resolution AFM images are enhanced in both resolution and fidelity through deep learning. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; deep learning; fast scanning

• ; low resolution; super resolution; Introduction The capability of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to achieve high resolution at the nanometer level in plane (xy) and at the angstrom level in height (z), on a variety of surfaces, is one of its major advantages. AFM topographical imaging enables high

• different from the usage in microscopy where the term refers to resolution beyond the classical physical limitations. Importantly, these no-reference metrics do not use reference images, as the name suggests. It means that they can result in an optimal quality score but do not account for the fidelity of

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• (Supporting Information File 1, Section S12) and the non-tilted condenser model was much easier to compute. To enable a more precise quantitative analysis, we first extensively characterized the gold nanospheres by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, Supporting Information File 1

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• carried out according to the well-acknowledged standard [28] and literature reports [29]. After the abrasion tests, the surface of thin film coatings was examined in detail by optical microscopy (Olympus BX51) and optical profilometry (TalySurf CCI Lite Taylor Hobson). Results and Discussion Figure 1

• coating, as the grains tend to grow due to recrystallization and diffusion processes, leading to changes in density and structure. The formation of a double-layer coating, as observed in the cross-section scanning electron microscopy image (inset in Figure 4c) of the annealed TiO2 coating deposited with

• deposited by (a) EBE and (b, c) IBAD before and after additional post-process annealing at 800 °C, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images of TiO2 thin films before and after post-process annealing at 800 °C deposited using (a) EBE and IBAD with (b) Iibg = 3 A and (c) Iibg = 4 A. Transmittance

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• Figure 1 shows an atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of SLG and SLGO on α-Al2O3(0001) substrates. The as-grown SLG film has an atomically flat surface and wrinkles with its height less than 0.4 nm [18]. The single layer of graphene was confirmed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) peak

• was removed from the SLGO surface by water rinsing and then the Cs-adsorbed SLGO specimen was introduced in the XPS chamber kept at ultra-high vacuum. The surface morphology of SLGO was examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM, SII SAP300). AFM images of (a) SLG/α-Al2O3(0001) and (b) SLGO/α-Al2O3

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• evaluated. The synthesized hBNs and purchased BaTiO3 were used after their full characterization by imaging and spectroscopic techniques. The piezoelectric behavior of both NMs was evaluated using piezoresponse force microscopy (PRFM). During in vitro studies, the piezoelectricity of the NMs was stimulated

• hBN. The materials were characterized using spectroscopic, imaging, and thermal techniques, followed by assessment of their piezoelectric properties via piezoresponse force microscopy (PRFM). In vitro studies on human osteoblasts (HOb) under ultrasound (US) exposure examined proliferation, cellular

• SiC surface and stored at room temperature. The synthesized hBN and commercial BaTiO3 nanoparticles (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) were characterized using several analytical techniques. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL ARM 200 CF, 200 keV) was employed to examine morphology and particle size by

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• structural inhomogeneities drive emergent material properties, the ability to observe such local fluctuations is increasingly vital. Single-particle imaging with several nanometers spatial and several tens of nanoseconds temporal resolution has been demonstrated using electron microscopy [71]. By integrating

• a photocathode-based ultrashort electron pulse generator into a lab-based electron microscope, dynamic imaging of single specimens via pump–probe electron microscopy became possible. For instance, a spin state transition in the metal–organic framework Fe(pyrazine)Pt(CN)4 NPs was induced by

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• . Consequently, the outer membrane, which separates the mitochondrion from the cytoplasm, has become a focus of investigation. We analysed metabolically active mitochondria from HeLa cells using scanning ion conductance microscopy to generate nanoscopically resolved, three-dimensional topographies. Our

• local environment. The similarities between the nanopipette in the measurement setup and the microtubules in the cellular context are discussed as the basis for the hypothesis. Keywords: HeLa; metabolically active; mitochondria; morphodynamics; scanning ion conductance microscopy; Introduction

• processes and warrants further investigation. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), have been employed to image mitochondria in liquid, showing features of both the inner and outer membrane [22][23][24]. However, AFM measurements are influenced by the cantilever

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• Bob Kyeyune Philipp Rahe Michael Reichling Institut für Physik, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.72 Abstract We investigate the impact of tip changes on atomic-scale non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) contrast formation when imaging a

• . Keywords: atomic resolution imaging; calcium fluoride surface; interaction force; non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM); tip change; Introduction Non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) [1] is a surface science tool that has been used to atomically resolve surfaces of semiconductor and